Program Development by Stepwise Refinement The creative activity of programming-to be distinguished from coding-is usually taught by examples serving to exhibit certain techniques. It is here considered as a sequence of design decisions concerning the decomposition of tasks into subtasks and of data into data structures. The process of successive refinement of specifications is illustrated by a short but nontrivial example, from which a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the art and the instruction of programming. CACM April, 1971 Wirth, N. education in programming, programming techniques, stepwise program construction 1.50 4.0 CA710401 JB February 3, 1978 4:14 PM 2204 5 2204 2204 5 2204 2204 5 2204 2319 5 2204 2480 5 2204 2594 5 2204 2709 5 2204 2939 5 2204 2972 5 2204 3155 5 2204 970 6 2204 1408 6 2204 1425 6 2204 1719 6 2204 1749 6 2204 1751 6 2204 1771 6 2204 2016 6 2204 2017 6 2204 2080 6 2204 2138 6 2204 2155 6 2204 2188 6 2204 2203 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2204 6 2204 2247 6 2204 2247 6 2204 2456 6 2204 2477 6 2204 2558 6 2204 2597 6 2204 2732 6 2204 2738 6 2204 3073 6 2204 3186 6 2204 799 6 2204