Use of the Concept of Transparency in the Design of Hierarchically Structured Systems This paper deals with the design of hierarchically structured programming systems. It develops a method for evaluating the cost of requiring programmers to work with an abstraction of a real machine. A number of examples from hardware and software are given as illustrations of the method. CACM July, 1975 Parnas, D. L. Siewiorek, D. P. hierarchical systems, bottom up design, levels of abstraction, synchronization primitives 4.20 4.30 6.1 6.20 CA750704 DMM January 31, 1978 3:46 PM 1828 4 2738 1854 4 2738 1877 4 2738 1960 4 2738 2150 4 2738 2317 4 2738 2319 4 2738 2319 4 2738 2377 4 2738 2378 4 2738 2342 4 2738 2376 4 2738 2379 4 2738 2320 4 2738 2424 4 2738 2482 4 2738 2480 4 2738 2618 4 2738 2632 4 2738 2632 4 2738 2704 4 2738 2704 4 2738 2723 4 2738 2738 4 2738 2738 4 2738 2738 4 2738 2738 4 2738 2738 4 2738 2740 4 2738 2740 4 2738 2741 4 2738 2866 4 2738 2867 4 2738 2867 4 2738 2868 4 2738 2869 4 2738 2941 4 2738 2958 4 2738 3004 4 2738 3004 4 2738 3030 4 2738 3030 4 2738 3127 4 2738 3155 4 2738 3184 4 2738 1749 5 2738 2080 5 2738 2247 5 2738 2356 5 2738 2738 5 2738 2738 5 2738 2738 5 2738 2777 5 2738 2972 5 2738 970 6 2738 2204 6 2738 2597 6 2738 2732 6 2738 2738 6 2738