# CWindow Class

CWindow is a powerful class to easily create Graphical User Interfaces for Windows applications.

#### Main features

- Easy creation of Graphical User Interfaces.
- 100% compatible with the Windows API.
- Optional default values for window styles and extended styles.
- High DPI and Unicode support for windows and controls.
- Support for alpha blended icons and images.
- Easy subclassing of child controls.
- Easy management of tab controls and tab pages
- MDI (Multiple Document Interface) support

#### Remarks

The default CWindow_WindowProc and CWindowMDIProc callback procedures have just the needed code to work; you must use your own instead.

The default message pump (CWindow.DoEvents), should be enough for most applications, but you can replace it with your own.

Include file: CWindow.inc.

### Constructor

Registers the class name and initializes the common controls library.

    CONSTRUCTOR CWindow (BYREF wszClassName AS CONST WSTRING = "")

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
wszClassName | Optional. The name of the class name to register. If omitted, the class will use "FBWindowClass:" and a number as the class name.

#### Usage examples

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow = "MyClassName"

### Tutorial

Topic
Creating the main window
Getting a pointer to the CWindow class
Adding controls
Popup windows
Using PNG icons in toolbars
Visual style menus
Keyboard accelerators
Scrollable windows
TabPages
Layout Manager
MDI WIndows

### Methods and Properties

Name | Description
--- | ---
AccelHandle | Gets/sets the accelerator table handle.
AddAccelerator | Adds an accelerator key to the table.
AddControl | Adds a control to the window.
BigIcon | Associates a new large icon with the main window.
Brush | Gets/sets the background brush.
Center | Centers a window on the screen or over another window.
ClassStyle | Gets/sets the style of the class.
ClientHeight | Returns the unscaled client height of the main window.
ClientWidth | Returns the unscaled client width of the window.
ControlClientHeight | Returns the unscaled client height of the specified window.
ControlClientWidth | Returns the unscaled client width of the specified window.
ControlHandle | Retrieves a handle to the child control specified by its identifier.
ControlHeight | Returns the unscaled height of the specified window.
ControlWidth | Returns the unscaled width of the specified window.
Create | Creates a new window.
CreateAcceleratorTable | Creates the accelerator table.
CreateFont | Creates a DPI aware logical font.
CreateMDIWindow | Creates a new MDI window.
DefaultFontSize | Gets/sets the point size of the default font.
DestroyAcceleratorTable | Destroys the accelerator table.
DoEvents | Processes windows messages.
DPI | Gets/sets the DPI (dots per inch) to be used by the application.
Font | Gets/sets the font used as default.
GetClientRect | Retrieves the unscaled coordinates of the main window client area.
GetControlClientRect | Retrieves the unscaled coordinates of a window's client area.
GetControlWindowRect | Retrieves the unscaled dimensions of the bounding rectangle of the specified window.
GetWindowRect | Retrieves the unscaled dimensions of the bounding rectangle of the main window.
GetWorkArea | Retrieves the unscaled size of the work area on the primary display monitor.
Height | Returns the unscaled height of the main window.
hWindow | Gets/sets the main window handle.
hwndClient | Gets the MDI client window handle.
InstanceHandle | Gets/sets the instance handle.
MDICLassName | Sets the class name of the MDI frame window.
MoveWindow | Changes the position and dimensions of the specified window.
Resize | Resizes the window sending a WM_SIZE message with the SIZE_RESTORED value.
rxRatio | Returns the horizontal scaling ratio.
ryRatio | Returns the vertical scaling ratio.
ScaleX | Scales an horizontal coordinate according the DPI setting.
ScaleY | Scales a vertical coordinate according the DPI setting.
ScreenX | Returns the x-coordinate of the window relative to the screen.
ScreenY | Returns the y-coordinate of the window relative to the screen.
ScrollWindowPtr | Gets/sets a pointer to the scroll window class.
SetClientSize | Adjusts the bounding rectangle of the window based on the desired size of the client area.
SetFont | Creates a DPI aware logical font and sets it as the default font.
SetWindowPos | Changes the size, position, and Z order of a child, pop-up, or top-level window.
SmallIcon | Associates a new small icon with the main window.
UnScaleX | Unscales an horizontal coordinate according the DPI setting.
UnScaleY | Unscales a vertical coordinate according the DPI setting.
UserData | Gets/sets a value in the user data area of the window.
Width | Returns the unscaled width of the main window.
WindowExStyle | Gets/sets the window extended styles.
WindowStyle | Gets/sets the window styles.

### Procedures

Name | Description
--- | ---
AfxCWindowPtr | Returns a pointer to the CWindow class given the handle of the main window or the CREATESTRUCT structure associated with it.
AfxCWindowOwnerPtr | Returns a pointer to the CWindow class given the handle of the window created with it or the handle of any of it's children windows or controls.
AfxScrollWindowPtr | Returns a pointer to the CScrollWindow class given the handle of the window attached to it.

### Dialog

Name | Description
--- | ---
AfxInputBox | Input box dialog.

# CLayout Class

This class allows to anchor child windows to a parent window. When the parent window is resized, it manages the location and size of the anchored child windows according to the new dimensions of the parent.

### Constructor (CLayout)

Creates an instance of the CLayout class.

    CONSTRUCTOR CLayout (BYVAL hwndParent AS HWND)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwndParent | Handle of the parent window to which other windows or controls will be anchored.

## Usage examples

    DIM pLayout AS CLayout = hwndParent
    DIM pLayout AS CLayout = pWindow.hWindow

### Methods

Name | Description
--- | ---
AnchorControl | Anchors a window or control to its parent window.
AdjustControls | Adjusts the size and location of the child controls to the dimensions of its parent window.

# CTabPage Class

Creates a generic window used as a tab page of a tab control.

### Constructor (CTabPage)

Creates a generic window used as a tab page of a tab control.

### Methods

Name | Description
--- | ---
hTabPage | Returns the window handle of the tab page.
InsertPage | Adds a tab page and creates a generic window that will be associated with the page.

### Procedures

Name | Description
--- | ---
AfxCTabPagePtr | Returns a pointer to the CTabPage class given the handle of the tab control to which the tab page is associated and the zero-based tab index.
AfxDestroyTabPage | Detroys a tab page.
AfxDestroyAllTabPages | Detroys all the tab pages.
AfxResizeTabPages | Resizes all the tab pages associated with a tab control.
AfxScrollTabPagePtr | Returns a pointer to the CScrollWindow class given the handle of the tab control to which the tab page is associated and the zero-based tab index.

# Tutorial

### Creating the main window

To use CWindow you must first include "CWindow.inc" and allow all symbols of its namespace to be accessed adding USING Afx.

    #INCLUDE ONCE "CWindow.inc"
    USING Afx

The first step is to create an instance of the class:

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow

The CWindow constructor registers a class for the window with the name "FBWindowClass:xxx", where xxx is a counter number. Alternatively, you can force the use of your own class name by specifying it, e.g.

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow = "MyClassName"

The constructor also checks if the application is DPI aware and calculates the scaling ratios and the default font name and point size ("Tahoma", 8 pt, for Windows XP and below; "Segoe UI", 9 pt, for Windows Vista and above").

You can override it by setting your own DPI and/or font before creating the window, e.g.

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow. DPI = 96
    pWindow.SetFont("Times New Roman", 10, FW_NORMAL, , , , DEFAULT_CHARSET)

By default, CWindow uses a standard COLOR_3DFACE + 1 brush. You can override it calling the Brush property:

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Brush = GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)

This makes the background of the window white.

The window class uses CS_HREDRAW OR CS_VREDRAW as default window styles. Without them, the background is not repainted and the controls leave garbage in it when resized. With them, windows with many controls cause heavy flicker. To avoid flicker, you can change the windows style using e.g. pWindow.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS and take care yourself of repainting.

The next step is to create the window.

The Create method has many parameters, all of which are optional:

    hParent     = Parent window handle
    wszTitle    = Window caption
    lpfnWndProc = Address of the callback function
    x           = Horizontal position
    y           = Vertical position
    nWidth      = Window width
    nHeight     = Window height
    dwStyle     = Window style
    dwExStyle   = Extended style

The most verbose way to call it is:

    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc, 0, 0, 525, 395, _
       WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS, WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT OR WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE)

But just using

    pWindow.Create

a working window is created and sized using CW_USEDEFAULT.

Unless the window has to use all the available desktop space, it may be preferible to use the SetClientSize method to size the window because Windows UI elements such the caption and borders have different sizes depending of the Windows version and/or the styles used. Therefore, to make sure that you have enough room for your controls, sizing the window according the client size seems more adequate.

We may need to process Windows messages, so we need to provide a callback function, e.g.

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

and we have to pass the address of that callback function:

    pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc)
    pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)   ' The size may vary

Optionally, we can automatically center the window in the destop calling the Center method, e.g.

    pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc)
    pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)   ' The size may vary
    pWindow.Center

To process Windows messages we need a message pump. CWindow provides a default one calling the DoEvents method:

    FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

This default message pump displays the window and processes the messages. It can be used with most applications, but, in case of need, you can replace it with your own, e.g.

    ' // Displays the window
    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.hWindow
    ShowWindow(hwndMain, nCmdShow)
    UpdateWindow(hwndMain)

    ' // Processes Windows messages
    DIM uMsg AS MSG
    WHILE (GetMessageW(@uMsg, NULL, 0, 0) <> FALSE)
       IF IsDialogMessageW(hWndMain, @uMsg) = 0 THEN
          TranslateMessage(@uMsg)
          DispatchMessageW(@uMsg)
       END IF
    WEND
    FUNCTION = uMsg.wParam

Each instance of the CWindow class has an user data area consisting in an array of 99 LONG_PTR values that you can use to store information that you find useful.

These values are set and retrieved using the UserData property and an index from 0 to 99.

### Getting a pointer to the CWindow class

At any time, you can get a pointer to the CWindow class by using:

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = CAST(CWindow PTR, GetWindowLongPtrW(hwnd, 0))
    - or -
    DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)

where hwnd is the handle of its associated window handle.

If the handle of the main window its not available, the function AfxCWindowOwnerPtr allows the use of the handle of any of it's child controls.

An special case is the WM_CREATE message.

At the time in which this message is processed in the window callback, CWindow has not yet been able to store the pointer in the extra bytes of the window class.

To solve this problem, the Create method passes the pointer to the class in the lParam parameter when calling the API function CreateWindowEx to create the window.

This pointer can be retrieved in WM_CREATE using:

    CASE WM_CREATE
       DIM pCreateStruct AS CREATESTRUCT PTR = CAST(CREATESTRUCT PTR, lParam)
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = CAST(CWindow PTR, pCreateStruct->lpCreateParams)
    - or -
    CASE WM_CREATE
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(lParam)

### Adding controls

To add controls to the window you can use the AddControl method. Alternatively, you can use the API function CreateWindowEx, but then you will have to do scaling by yourself.

Besides the registered class names for the controls, in many cases you can use easier to remember aliases. For example. you can use "STATUSBAR" instead of "MSCTLS_STATUSBAR32".

The AddControl method also provides default styles for all the Windows controls. Therefore, you can save typing unless you need to use different styles.

For example, to add a button you can use

    pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close", 350, 250, 75, 23)

instead of

    pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close", 350, 250, 75, 23, _
       WS_CHILD OR WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_PUSHBUTTON OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER)

For a list of predefined class names and styles, see the AddControl method.

If the application is DPI aware, controls created with the AddControl method are scaled according to the DPI setting.

AddControl also provides two ways for easily subclassing a control.

For the first way, used before Windows XP, you need to pass the address of the subclassed procedure, e.g.

    pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_BUTTON, "Click me", 350, 250, 75, 23, , , , CAST(WNDPROC, @Button_SubclassProc))

and use a callback like this one:

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Processes messages for the subclassed Button window.
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION Button_SubclassProc ( _
       BYVAL hwnd   AS HWND, _                 ' // Control window handle
       BYVAL uMsg   AS UINT, _                 ' // Type of message
       BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, _               ' // First message parameter
       BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM _                ' // Second message parameter
       ) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
             ' // All keyboard input
             FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTALLKEYS
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_LBUTTONDOWN
             MessageBoxW(GetParent(hwnd), "Click", "FreeBasic", MB_OK)
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_KEYDOWN
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE VK_ESCAPE
                   SendMessageW(GetParent(hwnd), WM_CLOSE, 0, 0)
                   EXIT FUNCTION
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // REQUIRED: Remove control subclassing
             SetWindowLongPtrW hwnd, GWLP_WNDPROC, CAST(LONG_PTR, RemovePropW(hwnd, "OLDWNDPROC"))

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = CallWindowProcW(GetPropW(hwnd, "OLDWNDPROC"), hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

The second way uses the API function SetWindowSubclass. Besides passing the address of the callback procedure, it allows to pass the identifier of the control and a pointer to the CWindow class.

    pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_BUTTON, "Click me", 350, 250, 75, 23, , , , _
       CAST(WNDPROC, @Button_SubclassProc), IDC_BUTTON, CAST(DWORD_PTR, @pWindow))

The main advantage of this method is that we can use the same callback for all the subclassed controls and easily identify which one is firing the messages and also have a pointer to his parent CWindow class if we need to use it. SetWindowSubclass also eliminates the disadvantages of the old subclassing approach explained in this thread: Subclassing Controls.

Example of a callback function for controls subclassed with this method:

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Processes messages for the subclassed Button window.
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION Button_SubclassProc ( _
       BYVAL hwnd   AS HWND, _                 ' // Control window handle
       BYVAL uMsg   AS UINT, _                 ' // Type of message
       BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, _               ' // First message parameter
       BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM, _               ' // Second message parameter
       BYVAL uIdSubclass AS UINT_PTR, _        ' // The subclass ID
       BYVAL dwRefData AS DWORD_PTR _          ' // Pointer to reference data
       ) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
             ' // All keyboard input
             FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTALLKEYS
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_LBUTTONDOWN
             MessageBoxW(GetParent(hwnd), "Click", "FreeBasic", MB_OK)
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_KEYDOWN
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE VK_ESCAPE
                   SendMessageW(GetParent(hwnd), WM_CLOSE, 0, 0)
                   EXIT FUNCTION
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // REQUIRED: Remove control subclassing
             RemoveWindowSubclass hwnd, @Button_SubclassProc, uIdSubclass

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefSubclassProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

Both of these methods are optional. Therefore, you can use your own way to subclass controls.

Warning: You cannot use the subclassing helper functions to subclass a window across threads.

### Popup windows

To create a popup window you simply create a new instance of the CWindow class and, in the Create method, you make it child of the main window and use the WS_POPUPWINDOW style.

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Create(hParent, "Popup window", @PopupWndProc, , , , , _
       WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_POPUPWINDOW OR WS_THICKFRAME, WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE)

The window created this way is modeless. To make it modal, we need to disable the parent window:

    CASE WM_CREATE
       EnableWindow GetParent(hwnd), FALSE

When the popup dialog is closed, we need to enable the parent window:

    CASE WM_CLOSE
       ' // Enables parent window keeping parent's zorder
       EnableWindow GetParent(hwnd), CTRUE

#### Example

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' File: CW_PopupWindow.fbtpl
    ' Contents: CWindow with a modal popup window
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #INCLUDE ONCE "windows.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    USING Afx

    CONST IDC_POPUP = 1001

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    DECLARE FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT
    DECLARE FUNCTION PopupWindow (BYVAL hParent AS HWND) AS LONG
    DECLARE FUNCTION PopupWndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a popup window", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add a button without position or size (it will be resized in the WM_SIZE message).
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_POPUP, "&Popup", 350, 250, 75, 23)

       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM hDC AS HDC
       DIM pPaint AS PAINTSTRUCT
       DIM rc AS RECT
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
                CASE IDC_POPUP
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      PopupWindow(hwnd)
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_SIZE
             IF wParam <> SIZE_MINIMIZED THEN
                ' // Resize the buttons
                pWindow = CAST(CWindow PTR, GetWindowLongPtrW(hwnd, 0))
                pWindow->MoveWindow GetDlgItem(hwnd, IDCANCEL), pWindow->ClientWidth - 120, pWindow->ClientHeight - 50, 75, 23, CTRUE
             END IF

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Popup window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION PopupWindow (BYVAL hParent AS HWND) AS LONG

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(hParent, "Popup window", @PopupWndProc, , , , , _
          WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_POPUPWINDOW OR WS_THICKFRAME, WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE)
       pWindow.Brush = GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)
       pWindow.SetClientSize(300, 200)
       pWindow.Center(pWindow.hWindow, hParent)
       ' / Process Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Popup window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION PopupWndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM hOldFont AS HFONT
       STATIC hNewFont AS HFONT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             ' // Get a pointer to the CWindow class from the CREATESTRUCT structure
             DIM pCreateStruct AS CREATESTRUCT PTR = CAST(CREATESTRUCT PTR, lParam)
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = CAST(CWindow PTR, pCreateStruct->lpCreateParams)
             ' // Create a new font scaled according the DPI ratio
             IF pWindow->DPI <> 96 THEN hNewFont = pWindow->CreateFont("Tahoma", 9)
             ' Disable parent window to make popup window modal
             EnableWindow GetParent(hwnd), FALSE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_PAINT
                DIM rc AS RECT, ps AS PAINTSTRUCT, hDC AS HANDLE
             hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, @ps)
             IF hNewFont THEN hOldFont = CAST(HFONT, SelectObject(hDC, CAST(HGDIOBJ, hNewFont)))
             GetClientRect(hWnd, @rc)
             DrawTextW(hDC, "Hello, World!", -1, @rc, DT_SINGLELINE or DT_CENTER or DT_VCENTER)
             IF hNewFont THEN SelectObject(hDC, CAST(HGDIOBJ, CAST(HFONT, hOldFont)))
             EndPaint(hWnd, @ps)
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_CLOSE
             ' // Enables parent window keeping parent's zorder
             EnableWindow GetParent(hwnd), CTRUE
             ' // Don't exit; let DefWindowProcW perform the default action

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // Destroy the new font
             IF hNewFont THEN DeleteObject(CAST(HGDIOBJ, hNewFont))
             ' // End the application by sending an WM_QUIT message
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

### Using PNG icons in toolbars

AfxGdiplus.inc provides functions that allow to use alphablended PNG icons in toolbars.

AfxGdipIconFromFile loads the images from disk and AfxGdipIconFromRes from a resource file embedded in the application.

We need to create an image list for the toolbar of the appropriate size. To calculate the size, I'm using the following formula: 16 * pWindow.DPI \ 96. Where 16 is the size of a normal icon (for toolbars it may be preferible to use 20 to make them a bit bigger), pWindow.DPI the DPI being used by the computer and 96 the DPI used by applications that are not DPI aware.

    ' // Create an image list for the toolbar
    DIM hImageList AS HIMAGELIST
    DIM cx AS LONG = 16 * pWindow.DPI \ 96
    hImageList = ImageList_Create(cx, cx, ILC_COLOR32 OR ILC_MASK, 4, 0)
    IF hImageList THEN
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hImageList, hInst, "IDI_ARROW_LEFT_32")
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hImageList, hInst, "IDI_ARROW_RIGHT_48")
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hImageList, hInst, "IDI_HOME_48")
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hImageList, hInst, "IDI_SAVE_48")
    END IF
    SendMessageW hToolBar, TB_SETIMAGELIST, 0, CAST(LPARAM, hImageList)

We are using 48 bit icons in this example, that usually resize well to adapt to different DPI settings. This way, we can use only a set of icons instead of several sets of icons of different sizes. However, for best quality, it is advisable to use the appropriate icon size.

AfxGdipIconFromFile and AfxGdipIconFromRes also provide two optional parameters, dimPercent and bGrayScale. With dimPercent you can indicate a percentage of dimming, and bGrayScale is a boolean value (TRUE or FALSE) that tells these functions to convert the icon colors to shades of gray. This allows to create an image list for disabled items with the same icon set. The following code creates a disabled image using the same color PNG icons, but dimming them a 60% and converting them to gray:

    ' // Create a disabled image list for the toolbar
    DIM hDisabledImageList AS HIMAGELIST
    DIM cx AS LONG = 16 * pWindow.DPI \ 96
    hDisabledImageList = ImageList_Create(cx, cx, ILC_COLOR32 OR ILC_MASK, 4, 0)
    IF hDisabledImageList THEN
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hDisabledImageList, hInst, "IDI_ARROW_LEFT_32", 60, TRUE))
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hDisabledImageList, hInst, "IDI_ARROW_RIGHT_48", 60, TRUE))
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hDisabledImageList, hInst, "IDI_HOME_48", 60, TRUE))
       AfxGdipAddIconFromRes(hDisabledImageList, hInst, "IDI_SAVE_48", 60, TRUE))
    END IF
    SendMessageW hToolBar, TB_SETDISABLEDIMAGELIST, 0, CAST(LPARAM, hDisabledImageList)

Resource file:

    //=============================================================================
    // Manifest
    //=============================================================================

    1 24 "WThemes.xml"

    //=============================================================================
    // Toolbar icons
    //=============================================================================

    // Toolbar, normal
    IDI_ARROW_LEFT_48       RCDATA "arrow_left_48.png"
    IDI_ARROW_RIGHT_48      RCDATA "arrow_right_48.png"
    IDI_HOME_48             RCDATA "home_48.png"
    IDI_SAVE_48             RCDATA "save_48.png"

    Manifest:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
       <assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0" xmlns:asmv3="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">

          <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
             processorArchitecture="*"
             name="ApplicationName"
             type="win32"/>
          <description>Optional description of your application</description>

          <asmv3:application>
             <asmv3:windowsSettings xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/SMI/2005/WindowsSettings">
                <dpiAware>true</dpiAware>
             </asmv3:windowsSettings>
          </asmv3:application>

          <!-- Compatibility section -->
          <compatibility xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:compatibility.v1">
             <application>
                <!--The ID below indicates application support for Windows Vista -->
                <supportedOS Id="{e2011457-1546-43c5-a5fe-008deee3d3f0}"/>
                <!--The ID below indicates application support for Windows 7 -->
                <supportedOS Id="{35138b9a-5d96-4fbd-8e2d-a2440225f93a}"/>
                <!--This Id value indicates the application supports Windows 8 functionality-->
                <supportedOS Id="{4a2f28e3-53b9-4441-ba9c-d69d4a4a6e38}"/>
                <!--This Id value indicates the application supports Windows 8.1 functionality-->
                <supportedOS Id="{1f676c76-80e1-4239-95bb-83d0f6d0da78}"/>
             </application>
           </compatibility>

          <!-- Trustinfo section -->
          <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v2">
             <security>
                <requestedPrivileges>
                   <requestedExecutionLevel
                      level="asInvoker"
                      uiAccess="false"/>
                   </requestedPrivileges>
             </security>
          </trustInfo>

          <dependency>
             <dependentAssembly>
                <assemblyIdentity
                   type="win32"
                   name="Microsoft.Windows.Common-Controls"
                   version="6.0.0.0"
                   processorArchitecture="*"
                   publicKeyToken="6595b64144ccf1df"
                   language="*" />
             </dependentAssembly>
          </dependency>

       </assembly>

#### Example

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: CWindow with a toolbar
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #define unicode
    #INCLUDE ONCE "windows.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/AfxCtl.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/AfxGdiplus.inc"
    USING Afx

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    CONST IDC_TOOLBAR = 1001
    enum
       IDM_LEFTARROW = 28000
       IDM_RIGHTARROW
       IDM_HOME
       IDM_SAVEFILE
    end enum

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
    '            CASE IDM_CUT   ' etc.
    '               MessageBoxW hwnd, "You have clicked the Cut button", "Toolbar", MB_OK
    '               EXIT FUNCTION
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_SIZE
             IF wParam <> SIZE_MINIMIZED THEN
                ' // Update the size and position of the Toolbar control
                SendMessageW GetDlgItem(hWnd, IDC_TOOLBAR), TB_AUTOSIZE, 0, 0
                ' // Resize the buttons
                pWindow = CAST(CWindow PTR, GetWindowLongPtrW(hwnd, 0))
                pWindow->MoveWindow GetDlgItem(hwnd, IDCANCEL), pWindow->ClientWidth - 95, pWindow->ClientHeight - 35, 75, 23, CTRUE
             END IF

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // Destroy the image list
             ImageList_Destroy CAST(HIMAGELIST, SendMessageW(GetDlgItem(hwnd, IDC_TOOLBAR), TB_SETIMAGELIST, 0, 0))
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
    '   AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a toolbar", @WndProc)
       ' // Disable background erasing
       pWindow.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS
       ' // Set the client size
       pWindow.SetClientSize(600, 300)
       ' // Center the window
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add a button
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close")

       ' // Add a tooolbar
       DIM hToolBar AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Toolbar", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_TOOLBAR)
       ' // Module instance handle
       DIM hInst AS HINSTANCE = GetModuleHandle(NULL)
       ' // Create an image list for the toolbar
       DIM hImageList AS HIMAGELIST
       DIM cx AS LONG = 16 * pWindow.DPI \ 96
       hImageList = ImageList_Create(cx, cx, ILC_COLOR32 OR ILC_MASK, 4, 0)
       IF hImageList THEN
          ImageList_ReplaceIcon(hImageList, -1, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_ARROW_LEFT_48"))
          ImageList_ReplaceIcon(hImageList, -1, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_ARROW_RIGHT_48"))
          ImageList_ReplaceIcon(hImageList, -1, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_HOME_48"))
          ImageList_ReplaceIcon(hImageList, -1, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_SAVE_48"))
       END IF
       SendMessageW hToolBar, TB_SETIMAGELIST, 0, CAST(LPARAM, hImageList)

       ' // Add buttons to the toolbar
       Toolbar_AddButton hToolBar, 0, IDM_LEFTARROW
       Toolbar_AddButton hToolBar, 1, IDM_RIGHTARROW
       Toolbar_AddButton hToolBar, 2, IDM_HOME
       Toolbar_AddButton hToolBar, 3, IDM_SAVEFILE

       ' // Size the toolbar
       SendMessageW hToolBar, TB_AUTOSIZE, 0, 0

       ' // Process event messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

### Visual style menus

Windows Vista and posterior Windows versions provide menus that are part of the visual schema. These menus are rendered using visual styles, which can be added to existing applications. Adding code for new features to existing code must be done carefully to avoid breaking existing application behavior. Certain situations can cause visual styling to be disabled in an application. These situations include:

- Customizing menus using owner-draw menu items (MFT_OWNERDRAW)
- Using menu breaks (MFT_MENUBREAK or MFT_MENUBARBREAK)
- Using HBMMENU_CALLBACK to defer bitmap rendering
- Using a destroyed menu handle

These situations prevent visual style menus from being rendered. Owner-draw menus can be used in Windows Vista and posterior Windows versions, but the menus will not be visually styled. Windows Vista and posterior Windows versions provide alpha-blended bitmaps, which enables menu items to be shown without using owner-draw menu items.

Requirements:

- The bitmap is a 32bpp DIB section.
- The DIB section has BI_RGB compression.
- The bitmap contains pre-multiplied alpha pixels.
- The bitmap is stored in hbmpChecked, hbmpUnchecked, or hbmpItem fields.

Note: MFT_BITMAP items do not support PARGB32 bitmaps.

The AfxAddIconToMenuItem function included in AfxMenu.inc allows to use alphablended icons in visually styled menus.

    DIM hSubMenu AS HMENU = GetSubMenu(hMenu, 1)
    DIM hIcon AS HICON
    hIcon = LoadImageW(NULL, "MyIcon.ico", IMAGE_ICON, 32, 32, LR_LOADFROMFILE)
    IF hIcon THEN AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 0, TRUE, hIcon)

PNG icons can be used by converting them first to an icon with AfxGdipImageFromFile:

    hIcon = AfxGdipImageFromFileEx("MyIcon.png")
    IF hIcon THEN AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 0, TRUE, hIcon)

But, in general, we are more interested in loading the icons from a resource file embedded in the application. We can achieve it using the AfxGdipIconFromRes function.

    DIM hSubMenu AS HMENU = GetSubMenu(hMenu, 0)
    AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 0, TRUE, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_ARROW_LEFT_48"))

The following code uses the same resource file that the one for the "Using PNG icons in toolbars example" to demonstrate that we can use just one set of icons for both toolbars and menus.

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: CWindow with a menu
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #define _WIN32_WINNT &h0602
    #INCLUDE ONCE "windows.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "win/uxtheme.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/AfxGdiplus.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/AfxMenu.inc"
    using Afx

    ' // Menu identifiers
    #define IDM_UNDO     1001   ' Undo
    #define IDM_REDO     1002   ' Redo
    #define IDM_HOME     1003   ' Home
    #define IDM_SAVE     1004   ' Save file
    #define IDM_EXIT     1005   ' Exit

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Build the menu
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION BuildMenu () AS HMENU

       DIM hMenu AS HMENU
       DIM hPopUpMenu AS HMENU

       hMenu = CreateMenu
       hPopUpMenu = CreatePopUpMenu
          AppendMenuW hMenu, MF_POPUP OR MF_ENABLED, CAST(UINT_PTR, hPopUpMenu), "&File"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_UNDO, "&Undo" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+U"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_REDO, "&Redo" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+R"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_HOME, "&Home" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+H"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_SAVE, "&Save" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+S"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_EXIT, "E&xit" & CHR(9) & "Alt+F4"
       FUNCTION = hMenu

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
                CASE IDM_UNDO
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Undo option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_REDO
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Redo option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_HOME
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Home option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_SAVE
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Save option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
             END SELECT

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a menu", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize(400, 250)
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add a button
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close", 280, 180, 75, 23)

       ' // Module instance handle
       DIM hInst AS HINSTANCE = GetModuleHandle(NULL)

       ' // Create the menu
       DIM hMenu AS HMENU = BuildMenu
       SetMenu pWindow.hWindow, hMenu

       ' // Add icons to the items of the File menu
       DIM hSubMenu AS HMENU = GetSubMenu(hMenu, 0)
       AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 0, TRUE, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_ARROW_LEFT_48"))
       AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 1, TRUE, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_ARROW_RIGHT_48"))
       AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 2, TRUE, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_HOME_48"))
       AfxAddIconToMenuItem(hSubMenu, 3, TRUE, AfxGdipIconFromRes(hInst, "IDI_SAVE_48"))

       ' // Process Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

### Keyboard Accelerators

Accelerators are closely related to menus — both provide the user with access to an application's command set. Typically, users rely on an application's menus to learn the command set and then switch over to using accelerators as they become more proficient with the application. Accelerators provide faster, more direct access to commands than menus do. At a minimum, an application should provide accelerators for the more commonly used commands. Although accelerators typically generate commands that exist as menu items, they can also generate commands that have no equivalent menu items.

Creating an accelerator table with CWindow is very simple. You only need to build the table with calls to the AddAccelerator method and then call the CreateAcceleratorTable method. The accelerator table will be destroyed automatically when the window is destroyed or the applications ends. If you need to change the accelerator table, you can first destroy it calling the DestroyAcceleratorTable method, build a new table with AddAccelerator and then call CreateAcceleratorTable.

    ' // Create a keyboard accelerator table
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "U", IDM_UNDO ' // Ctrl+U - Undo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "R", IDM_REDO ' // Ctrl+R - Redo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "H", IDM_HOME ' // Ctrl+H - Home
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "S", IDM_SAVE ' // Ctrl+S - Save
    pWindow.CreateAcceleratorTable

#### Example

The following example creates a menu and an accelerator table.

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: CWindow with a menu
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #INCLUDE ONCE "windows.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/AfxMenu.inc"
    using Afx

    ' // Menu identifiers
    #define IDM_UNDO     1001   ' Undo
    #define IDM_REDO     1002   ' Redo
    #define IDM_HOME     1003   ' Home
    #define IDM_SAVE     1004   ' Save file
    #define IDM_EXIT     1005   ' Exit

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Build the menu
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION BuildMenu () AS HMENU

       DIM hMenu AS HMENU
       DIM hPopUpMenu AS HMENU

       hMenu = CreateMenu
       hPopUpMenu = CreatePopUpMenu
          AppendMenuW hMenu, MF_POPUP OR MF_ENABLED, CAST(UINT_PTR, hPopUpMenu), "&File"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_UNDO, "&Undo" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+U"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_REDO, "&Redo" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+R"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_HOME, "&Home" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+H"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_SAVE, "&Save" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+S"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_EXIT, "E&xit" & CHR(9) & "Alt+F4"
       FUNCTION = hMenu

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
                CASE IDM_UNDO
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Undo option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_REDO
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Redo option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_HOME
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Home option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
                CASE IDM_SAVE
                   MessageBox hwnd, "Save option clicked", "Menu", MB_OK
                   EXIT FUNCTION
             END SELECT

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a menu", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize(400, 250)
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add a button
       DIM hButton AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close", 280, 180, 75, 23)
       SetFocus hButton

       ' // Module instance handle
       DIM hInst AS HINSTANCE = GetModuleHandle(NULL)

       ' // Create the menu
       DIM hMenu AS HMENU = BuildMenu
       SetMenu pWindow.hWindow, hMenu

       ' // Create a keyboard accelerator table
       pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "U", IDM_UNDO ' // Ctrl+U - Undo
       pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "R", IDM_REDO ' // Ctrl+R - Redo
       pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "H", IDM_HOME ' // Ctrl+H - Home
       pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "S", IDM_SAVE ' // Ctrl+S - Save
       pWindow.CreateAcceleratorTable

       ' // Process Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

### Scrollable windows

CWindow windows can be made scrollable with the help of the CScrollWindow class.

The technique is to create a window big enough to display all its child controls...

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create(NULL, "Scrollable window", @WndProc)
    pWindow.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS   ' // Change the window style to avoid flicker
    ' // Set a client size big enough to display all the controls
    pWindow.SetClientSize(320, 335)

Add the controls, e.g.

    ' // Add a listbox
    DIM hListBox AS HWND
    hListBox = pWindow.AddControl("ListBox", , IDC_LISTBOX)
    pWindow.SetWindowPos hListBox, NULL, 8, 8, 300, 280, SWP_NOZORDER

Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class, attach the window to it and then shrink the client size of the window.

    ' // Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class and attach the main window to it
    DIM pScrollWindow AS CScrollWindow PTR = NEW CScrollWindow(hwndMain)
    ' // Store the pointer in the class of the parent window for later deletion
    pWindow.ScrollWindowPtr = pScrollWindow
    ' // Shrink the client size
    pWindow.SetClientSize(250, 260)

We can also make an scrollable CWindow with its controls child of another CWindow, e.g.

    ' // Create the main window
    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Create(NULL, "Scrollable Child CWindow Example", @WndProc)
    pWindow.SetClientSize 455, 180
    pWindow.Center

    ' // Add controls
    pWindow.AddControl("GroupBox", , IDC_GROUPBOX, "GroupBox", 340, 8, 100, 155)
    pWindow.AddControl("Button", , IDCANCEL, "&Close", 250, 140, 76, 23)
    ' // Add a combobox control
    DIM hCombobox AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("ComboBox", , IDC_COMBOBOX, "", 350, 30, 80, 100)
    ' // Fill the control with some data
    DIM i AS LONG = 1, wszText AS WSTRING * 260
    FOR i = 1 TO 9
       wszText = "Item " & RIGHT("00" & STR(i), 2)
       SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
    NEXT

    ' ***************************************************************************************
    ' // Child dialog
    DIM pChildDlg AS CWindow
    pChildDlg.Create(pWindow.hWindow, "", @ChildDlg_WndProc, 15, 15, , , _
       WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CHILD OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_BORDER, WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT)
    pChildDlg.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS
    ' // Set a client size big enough to display all the controls
    pChildDlg.SetClientSize(310, 180)
    ' // Add an Edit control
    DIM hEdit AS HWND = pChildDlg.AddControl("Edit", , IDC_EDIT1, "", 10, 15, 275, 23)
    ' // Add three radio buttons (the first one should have the WS_GROUP style)
    pChildDlg.AddControl("RadioButton", , IDC_OPTION1, "Option 1", 10, 50, 75, 23, WS_GROUP)
    pChildDlg.AddControl("RadioButton", , IDC_OPTION2, "Option 2", 10, 70, 75, 23)
    pChildDlg.AddControl("RadioButton", , IDC_OPTION3, "Option 3", 10, 90, 75, 23)
    ' // Add a date time picker control
    pChilddlg.AddControl("SysDateTimePick32", , IDC_DTPICKER, "", 135, 55, 150, 23)
    ' // Add a button
    pChildDlg.AddControl("Button", , IDOK, "&Ok", 205, 140, 76, 23)
    ' // Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class and attach the child dialog to it
    DIM pScrollChildDlg AS CScrollWindow PTR = NEW CScrollWindow(pChildDlg.hWindow)
    ' // Store the pointer in the class of the child dialog for later deletion
    pChildDlg.ScrollWindowPtr = pScrollChildDlg
    ' // Shrink the client size
    pChildDlg.SetClientSize(310, 110)
    ' // Set the focus in the first edit control
    SetFocus hEdit
    ' ***************************************************************************************

    ' // OPTIONAL: Anchor the controls
    DIM pLayout AS CLayout = pWindow.hWindow
    pWindow.UserData(AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX) = CAST(LONG_PTR, @pLayout)
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDCANCEL, AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT)
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_GROUPBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_RIGHT)
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_COMBOBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_RIGHT)

    ' // Anchor the child CWindow
    pLayout.AnchorControl(pChildDlg.hWindow, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_WIDTH)
    ' // We could also anchor the child controls of this window with
    ' // DIM pChildLayout AS CLayout = pChildDlg.hWindow
    ' // pChildLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT1, AFX_ANCHOR_WIDTH)
    ' // etc.

    or child of a tab page created with the CTabPage class:

    ' // Create the main window
    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a Tab Control", @WndProc)
    pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)
    pWindow.Center

    ' // Add a tab control
    DIM hTab AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Tab", , IDC_TAB, "", 10, 10, pWindow.ClientWidth - 20, pWindow.ClientHeight - 42)

    ' // Create the first tab page
    DIM pTabPage1 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
    pTabPage1->DPI = pWindow.DPI   ' --> for testing purposes; not usully needed
    pTabPage1->InsertPage(hTab, 0, "Tab 1", -1, @TabPage1_WndProc)
    ' // Add controls to the first page
    pTabPage1->AddControl("Label", pTabPage1->hTabPage, -1, "First name", 15, 15, 121, 21)
    pTabPage1->AddControl("Label", pTabPage1->hTabPage, -1, "Last name", 15, 50, 121, 21)
    pTabPage1->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT1, "", 165, 15, 186, 21)
    pTabPage1->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT2, "", 165, 50, 186, 21)
    pTabPage1->AddControl("Button", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_BTNSUBMIT, "Submit", 340, 185, 76, 26, BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON)

    ' // Create the second tab page
    DIM pTabPage2 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
    pTabPage2->DPI = pWindow.DPI   ' --> for testing purposes; not usully needed
    pTabPage2->InsertPage(hTab, 1, "Tab 2", -1, @TabPage2_WndProc)
    ' // Add controls to the second page
    DIM hComboBox AS HWND = pTabPage2->AddControl("ComboBox", pTabPage2->hTabPage, IDC_COMBO, "", 20, 20, 191, 105)

    ' // Create the third tab page
    DIM pTabPage3 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
    pTabPage3->DPI = pWindow.DPI   ' --> for testing purposes; not usully needed
    pTabPage3->InsertPage(hTab, 2, "Tab 3", -1, @TabPage3_WndProc)
    ' // Add controls to the third page
    '   DIM hListBox AS HWND = pTabPage3->AddControl("ListBox", pTabPage3->hTabPage, IDC_LISTBOX, "", 15, 20, 161, 120)
    DIM hListBox AS HWND = pTabPage3->AddControl("ListBox", pTabPage3->hTabPage, IDC_LISTBOX)
    pTabPage3->SetWindowPos hListBox, NULL, 15, 20, 161, 120, SWP_NOZORDER

    ' // Fill the controls with some data
    DIM i AS LONG = 1, wszText AS WSTRING * 260
    FOR i = 1 TO 9
       wszText = "Item " & RIGHT("00" & STR(i), 2)
       SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
       SendMessageW(hListBox, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
    NEXT
    ' // Select the first item in the combo box and the list box
    SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_SETCURSEL, 0, 0)
    SendMessageW(hListBox, LB_SETCURSEL, 0, 0)

    ' // Add a button
    pWindow.AddControl("Button", , IDCANCEL, "&Close", 415, 292, 75, 23)

    ' // Get the client size of the first page and make it greater
    DIM nWidth AS LONG = pTabPage1->ClientWidth
    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pTabPage1->ClientHeight
    pTabPage1->SetClientSize(nWidth + 150, nHeight + 150)
    ' // Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class and attach the tab page handle to it
    DIM pScrollWindow AS CScrollWindow PTR = NEW CScrollWindow(pTabPage1->hTabPage)
    ' // Store the pointer in the tab page for later deletion
    pTabPage1->ScrollWindowPtr = pScrollWindow
    ' // Shrink the client size back to original
    pTabPage1->SetClientSize(nWidth, nHeight)

    ' // Get the client size of the second page and make it greater
    nWidth = pTabPage2->ClientWidth
    nHeight = pTabPage2->ClientHeight
    pTabPage2->SetClientSize(nWidth + 150, nHeight + 150)
    ' // Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class and attach the tab page handle to it
    pScrollWindow = NEW CScrollWindow(pTabPage2->hTabPage)
    ' // Store the pointer in the tab page for later deletion
    pTabPage2->ScrollWindowPtr = pScrollWindow
    ' // Shrink the client size back to original
    pTabPage2->SetClientSize(nWidth, nHeight)

    ' // Get the client size of the second page and make it greater
    nWidth = pTabPage3->ClientWidth
    nHeight = pTabPage3->ClientHeight
    pTabPage3->SetClientSize(nWidth + 150, nHeight + 150)
    ' // Create an instance of the CScrollWindow class and attach the tab page handle to it
    pScrollWindow = NEW CScrollWindow(pTabPage3->hTabPage)
    ' // Store the pointer in the tab page for later deletion
    pTabPage3->ScrollWindowPtr = pScrollWindow
    ' // Shrink the client size back to original
    pTabPage3->SetClientSize(nWidth, nHeight)

    ' // Display the first tab page
    ShowWindow pTabPage1->hTabPage, SW_SHOW

    ' // Set the focus to the first tab
    SendMessageW hTab, TCM_SETCURFOCUS, 0, 0

### Tab pages

The CTabPage class extends the CWindow class and allows to create generic windows used as a tab pages of a tab control.

#### Example

    ' ####################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: CWindow Tab Control template
    ' Remarks: Demonstrates the use of the CTabPage class
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ####################################################################################

    #define unicode
    #INCLUDE ONCE "windows.bi"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    USING Afx

    CONST IDC_TAB       = 1001
    CONST IDC_EDIT1     = 1002
    CONST IDC_EDIT2     = 1003
    CONST IDC_BTNSUBMIT = 1004
    CONST IDC_COMBO     = 1005
    CONST IDC_LISTBOX   = 1006

    ' // Forward declarations
    DECLARE FUNCTION TabPage1_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT
    DECLARE FUNCTION TabPage2_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT
    DECLARE FUNCTION TabPage3_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(""), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' ====================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ====================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application sending an WM_CLOSE message
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_NOTIFY

             DIM nPage AS DWORD              ' // Page number
             DIM pTabPage AS CTabPage PTR    ' // Tab page object reference
             DIM tci AS TCITEMW              ' // TCITEMW structure

             DIM ptnmhdr AS NMHDR PTR   ' // Information about a notification message
             ptnmhdr = CAST(NMHDR PTR, lParam)
             SELECT CASE ptnmhdr->idFrom
                CASE IDC_TAB
                   SELECT CASE ptnmhdr->code
                      CASE TCN_SELCHANGE
                         ' // Show the selected page
                         nPage = SendMessage(ptnmhdr->hwndFrom, TCM_GETCURSEL, 0, 0)
                         tci.mask = TCIF_PARAM
                         IF SendMessageW(ptnmhdr->hwndFrom, TCM_GETITEMW, nPage, CAST(lParam, @tci)) THEN
                            IF tci.lParam THEN
                               pTabPage = CAST(CTabPage PTR, tci.lParam)
                               ShowWindow pTabPage->hTabPage, SW_SHOW
                            END IF
                         END IF
                      CASE TCN_SELCHANGING
                         ' // Hide the current page
                         nPage = SendMessage(ptnmhdr->hwndFrom, TCM_GETCURSEL, 0, 0)
                         tci.mask = TCIF_PARAM
                         IF SendMessageW(ptnmhdr->hwndFrom, TCM_GETITEMW, nPage, CAST(lParam, @tci)) THEN
                            IF tci.lParam THEN
                               pTabPage = CAST(CTabPage PTR, tci.lParam)
                               ShowWindow pTabPage->hTabPage, SW_HIDE
                            END IF
                         END IF
                   END SELECT

             END SELECT

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ====================================================================================

    ' ====================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ====================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow with a Tab Control", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add a tab control
       DIM hTab AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Tab", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_TAB, "", 10, 10, pWindow.ClientWidth - 20, pWindow.ClientHeight - 42)

       ' // Create the first tab page
       DIM pTabPage1 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
       pTabPage1->InsertPage(hTab, 0, "Tab 1", -1, @TabPage1_WndProc)
       ' // Add controls to the first page
       pTabPage1->AddControl("Label", pTabPage1->hTabPage, -1, "First name", 15, 15, 121, 21)
       pTabPage1->AddControl("Label", pTabPage1->hTabPage, -1, "Last name", 15, 50, 121, 21)
       pTabPage1->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT1, "", 165, 15, 186, 21)
       pTabPage1->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT2, "", 165, 50, 186, 21)
       pTabPage1->AddControl("Button", pTabPage1->hTabPage, IDC_BTNSUBMIT, "Submit", 340, 185, 76, 26, BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON)

       ' // Create the second tab page
       DIM pTabPage2 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
       pTabPage2->InsertPage(hTab, 1, "Tab 2", -1, @TabPage2_WndProc)
       ' // Add controls to the second page
       DIM hComboBox AS HWND = pTabPage2->AddControl("ComboBox", pTabPage2->hTabPage, IDC_COMBO, "", 20, 20, 191, 105)

       ' // Create the third tab page
       DIM pTabPage3 AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
       pTabPage3->InsertPage(hTab, 2, "Tab 3", -1, @TabPage3_WndProc)
       ' // Add controls to the third page
    '   DIM hListBox AS HWND = pTabPage3->AddControl("ListBox", pTabPage3->hTabPage, IDC_LISTBOX, "", 15, 20, 161, 120)
       DIM hListBox AS HWND = pTabPage3->AddControl("ListBox", pTabPage3->hTabPage, IDC_LISTBOX)
       pTabPage3->SetWindowPos hListBox, NULL, 15, 20, 161, 120, SWP_NOZORDER

       ' // Fill the controls with some data
       DIM i AS LONG = 1, wszText AS WSTRING * 260
       FOR i = 1 TO 9
          wszText = "Item " & RIGHT("00" & STR(i), 2)
          SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
          SendMessageW(hListBox, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
       NEXT
       ' // Select the first item in the combo box and the list box
       SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_SETCURSEL, 0, 0)
       SendMessageW(hListBox, LB_SETCURSEL, 0, 0)

       ' // Add a button
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", pWindow.hWindow, IDCANCEL, "&Close", 415, 292, 75, 23)

       ' // Display the first tab page
       ShowWindow pTabPage1->hTabPage, SW_SHOW

       ' // Set the focus to the first tab
       SendMessageW hTab, TCM_SETCURFOCUS, 0, 0

       ' // Dispatch messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

       ' // Delete the tab pages
       Delete pTabPage3
       Delete pTabPage2
       Delete pTabPage1

    END FUNCTION
    ' ====================================================================================

    ' ====================================================================================
    ' Tab page 1 window procedure
    ' ====================================================================================
    FUNCTION TabPage1_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE LOWORD(wParam)
                CASE IDC_BTNSUBMIT
                   IF HIWORD(wParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      MessageBoxW(hWnd, "Submit", "Tab 1", MB_OK)
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ====================================================================================

    ' ====================================================================================
    ' Tab page 2 window procedure
    ' ====================================================================================
    FUNCTION TabPage2_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM hBrush AS HBRUSH, rc AS RECT, tlb AS LOGBRUSH

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_ERASEBKGND
             GetClientRect hWnd, @rc
             ' Create custom brush
             tlb.lbStyle = BS_SOLID
             tlb.lbColor = &H00CB8734
             tlb.lbHatch = 0
             hBrush = CreateBrushIndirect(@tlb)
             ' Erase background
             FillRect CAST(HDC, wParam), @rc, hBrush
             DeleteObject hBrush
             FUNCTION = CTRUE
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ====================================================================================

    ' ====================================================================================
    ' Tab page 3 window procedure
    ' ====================================================================================
    FUNCTION TabPage3_WndProc(BYVAL hWnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM hBrush AS HBRUSH, rc AS RECT, tlb AS LOGBRUSH

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_ERASEBKGND
             GetClientRect hWnd, @rc
             ' Create custom brush
             tlb.lbStyle = BS_SOLID
             tlb.lbColor = &H0000FF00
             tlb.lbHatch = 0
             hBrush = CreateBrushIndirect(@tlb)
             ' Erase background
             FillRect CAST(HDC, wParam), @rc, hBrush
             DeleteObject hBrush
             FUNCTION = CTRUE
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ====================================================================================

### Layout manager

The CLayout class allows to anchor child windows to a parent window. When the parent window is resized, it manages the location and size of the anchored child windows according to the new dimensions of the parent.

#### Example

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: Demonstrates the use of the Layout manager
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #define UNICODE
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CLayout.inc"
    USING Afx

    ENUM AFX_USERDATA
       AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX = 0
    END ENUM

    ENUM
       IDC_EDIT1 = 1001
       IDC_EDIT2
       IDC_GROUPBOX
       IDC_COMBOBOX
    END ENUM

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' // Forward declaration
    DECLARE FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       ' // Create the main window
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "Layout manager", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize 455, 180
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add an Edit control
       DIM hEdit AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Edit", , IDC_EDIT1, "", 20, 15, 305, 23)
       ' // Add a multiline Edit control
       pWindow.AddControl("EditMultiline", , IDC_EDIT2, "", 20, 45, 305, 80)
       ' // Alternate way
    '   pWindow.AddControl("Edit", , IDC_EDIT2, "", 20, 50, 300, 80, _
    '      WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR ES_LEFT OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL OR ES_MULTILINE OR ES_NOHIDESEL OR ES_WANTRETURN)
       ' // Set the focus in the first edit control
       SetFocus hEdit

       ' // Add more controls
       pWindow.AddControl("GroupBox", , IDC_GROUPBOX, "GroupBox", 340, 8, 100, 155)
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", , IDCANCEL, "&Close", 250, 140, 75, 23)
       ' // Add a combobox control
       DIM hCombobox AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("ComboBox", , IDC_COMBOBOX, "", 350, 30, 80, 100)
       ' // Fill the control with some data
       DIM wszText AS WSTRING * 260
       FOR i AS LONG = 1 TO 9
          wszText = "Item " & RIGHT("00" & STR(i), 2)
          SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
       NEXT

       ' // Anchor the controls
       DIM pLayout AS CLayout = pWindow.hWindow
       pWindow.UserData(AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX) = CAST(LONG_PTR, @pLayout)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT1, AFX_ANCHOR_WIDTH)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT2, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_WIDTH)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDCANCEL, AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_GROUPBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_RIGHT)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_COMBOBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_RIGHT)

       ' // Dispatch Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Window procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE GET_WM_COMMAND_ID(wParam, lParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application by sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF GET_WM_COMMAND_CMD(wParam, lParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_GETMINMAXINFO
             ' Set the pointer to the address of the MINMAXINFO structure
             DIM ptmmi AS MINMAXINFO PTR = CAST(MINMAXINFO PTR, lParam)
             ' Set the minimum and maximum sizes that can be produced by dragging the borders of the window
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)
             IF pWindow THEN
                ptmmi->ptMinTrackSize.x = 300 * pWindow->rxRatio
                ptmmi->ptMinTrackSize.y = 180 * pWindow->ryRatio
             END IF
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_SIZE
             ' // Adjusts the controls
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)
             IF pWindow THEN
                DIM pLayout AS CLayout PTR = CAST(CLayout PTR, pWindow->UserData(AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX))
                IF pLayout THEN pLayout->AdjustControls
             END IF
             EXIT FUNCTION

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // End the application
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       ' // Default processing of Windows messages
       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    #### Example

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' Contents: Demonstrates the use of the Layout manager
    ' Note: In this test, we have made the combobox child of the group box.
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #define UNICODE
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CLayout.inc"
    USING Afx

    ENUM AFX_USERDATA
       AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX = 0
    END ENUM

    ENUM
       IDC_EDIT1 = 1001
       IDC_EDIT2
       IDC_GROUPBOX
       IDC_COMBOBOX
       IDC_SIZEGRIP
    END ENUM

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' // Forward declaration
    DECLARE FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       ' // Create the main window
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "Layout manager", @WndProc)
       pWindow.SetClientSize 455, 180
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Add an Edit control
       DIM hEdit AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("Edit", , IDC_EDIT1, "", 20, 15, 305, 23)
       ' // Add a multiline Edit control
       pWindow.AddControl("EditMultiline", , IDC_EDIT2, "", 20, 45, 305, 80)
       ' // Alternate way
    '   pWindow.AddControl("Edit", , IDC_EDIT2, "", 20, 50, 300, 80, _
    '      WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR ES_LEFT OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL OR ES_MULTILINE OR ES_NOHIDESEL OR ES_WANTRETURN)
       ' // Set the focus in the first edit control
       SetFocus hEdit

       ' // Add more controls
       pWindow.AddControl("Button", , IDCANCEL, "&Close", 250, 140, 75, 23)
       DIM hGroupBox AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("GroupBox", , IDC_GROUPBOX, "GroupBox", 340, 8, 100, 155, , WS_EX_TRANSPARENT OR WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT)
       ' // Add a combobox control as child of the GroupBox control
       DIM hCombobox AS HWND = pWindow.AddControl("ComboBox", hGroupBox, IDC_COMBOBOX, "", 10, 30, 80, 100)

       ' // Fill the control with some data
       DIM wszText AS WSTRING * 260
       FOR i AS LONG = 1 TO 9
          wszText = "Item " & RIGHT("00" & STR(i), 2)
          SendMessageW(hComboBox, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, CAST(LPARAM, @wszText))
       NEXT

       ' // Anchor the controls
       DIM pLayout AS CLayout = pWindow.hWindow
       pWindow.UserData(AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX) = CAST(LONG_PTR, @pLayout)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT1, AFX_ANCHOR_WIDTH)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT2, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_WIDTH)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDCANCEL, AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_GROUPBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_RIGHT)

       ' // Ad a size grip
       pWindow.AddControl("SizeGrip", pWindow.hWindow, IDC_SIZEGRIP)
       pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_SIZEGRIP, AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT)

       ' // Dispatch Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main window callback procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE GET_WM_COMMAND_ID(wParam, lParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   ' // If ESC key pressed, close the application by sending an WM_CLOSE message
                   IF GET_WM_COMMAND_CMD(wParam, lParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF
             END SELECT

          CASE WM_GETMINMAXINFO
             ' Set the pointer to the address of the MINMAXINFO structure
             DIM ptmmi AS MINMAXINFO PTR = CAST(MINMAXINFO PTR, lParam)
             ' Set the minimum and maximum sizes that can be produced by dragging the borders of the window
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)
             IF pWindow THEN
                ptmmi->ptMinTrackSize.x = 300 * pWindow->rxRatio
                ptmmi->ptMinTrackSize.y = 180 * pWindow->ryRatio
             END IF
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_SIZE
             ' // Adjusts the controls
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)
             IF pWindow THEN
                DIM pLayout AS CLayout PTR = CAST(CLayout PTR, pWindow->UserData(AFX_LAYOUTPTRIDX))
                IF pLayout THEN pLayout->AdjustControls
             END IF
             EXIT FUNCTION

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             RemovePropW hwnd, "CLAYOUTPTR"
             ' // End the application
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       ' // Default processing of Windows messages
       FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

### MDI windows

The multiple-document interface (MDI) is a specification that defines a user interface for applications that enable the user to work with more than one document at the same time.

Each document in an multiple-document interface (MDI) application is displayed in a separate child window within the client area of the application's main window. Typical MDI applications include word-processing applications that allow the user to work with multiple text documents, and spreadsheet applications that allow the user to work with multiple charts and spreadsheets.

Frame, Client, and Child Windows

An MDI application has three kinds of windows: a frame window, an MDI client window, as well as a number of child windows. The frame window is like the main window of the application: it has a sizing border, a title bar, a window menu, a minimize button, and a maximize button. The application must register a window class for the frame window and provide a window procedure to support it.

An MDI application does not display output in the client area of the frame window. Instead, it displays the MDI client window. An MDI client window is a special type of child window belonging to the preregistered window class MDICLIENT. The client window is a child of the frame window; it serves as the background for child windows. It also provides support for creating and manipulating child windows. For example, an MDI application can create, activate, or maximize child windows by sending messages to the MDI client window.

When the user opens or creates a document, the client window creates a child window for the document. The client window is the parent window of all MDI child windows in the application. Each child window has a sizing border, a title bar, a window menu, a minimize button, and a maximize button. Because a child window is clipped, it is confined to the client window and cannot appear outside it.

An MDI application can support more than one kind of document. For example, a typical spreadsheet application enables the user to work with both charts and spreadsheets. For each type of document that it supports, an MDI application must register a child window class and provide a window procedure to support the windows belonging to that class.

MSDN documentation: Multiple Document Interface

To create a child window, CWindow provides the CreateMDIWindow method.

CWindow MDI Framework Demo

    ' ########################################################################################
    ' Microsoft Windows
    ' File: CW_MDIDemo.pbtpl
    ' Contents: CWindow MDI Framework Demo
    ' Compiler: FreeBasic 32 & 64 bit
    ' Copyright (c) 2016 José Roca. Freeware. Use at your own risk.
    ' THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
    ' EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
    ' MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    ' ########################################################################################

    #define UNICODE
    #define USEMDI
    #INCLUDE ONCE "Afx/CWindow.inc"
    USING Afx

    ' // Edit control identifier
    CONST IDC_EDIT = 101

    ' // Menu identifiers
    ENUM
       IDM_NEW = 1001     ' New file
       IDM_OPEN           ' Open file...
       IDM_SAVE           ' Save file
       IDM_SAVEAS         ' Save file as...
       IDM_EXIT           ' Exit

       IDM_UNDO = 2001    ' Undo
       IDM_CUT            ' Cut
       IDM_COPY           ' Copy
       IDM_PASTE          ' Paste

       IDM_TILEH = 3001   ' Tile hosizontal
       IDM_TILEV          ' Tile vertical
       IDM_CASCADE        ' Cascade
       IDM_ARRANGE        ' Arrange icons
       IDM_CLOSE          ' Close
       IDM_CLOSEALL       ' Close all
    END ENUM

    DECLARE FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                              BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                              BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       END WinMain(GetModuleHandleW(NULL), NULL, COMMAND(), SW_NORMAL)

    ' // Forward declarations
    DECLARE FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT
    DECLARE FUNCTION MDIWindowProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Build the menu
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION BuildMenu () AS HMENU

       DIM hMenu AS HMENU
       DIM hPopUpMenu AS HMENU

       hMenu = CreateMenu
       hPopUpMenu = CreatePopUpMenu
          AppendMenuW hMenu, MF_POPUP OR MF_ENABLED, CAST(UINT_PTR, hPopUpMenu), "&File"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_NEW, "&New" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+N"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_OPEN, "&Open..." & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+O"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, ""
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_SAVE, "&Save" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+S"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_SAVEAS, "Save &As..."
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, ""
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_EXIT, "E&xit" & CHR(9) & "Alt+F4"
       hPopUpMenu = CreatePopUpMenu
          AppendMenuW hMenu, MF_POPUP OR MF_ENABLED, CAST(UINT_PTR, hPopUpMenu), "&Edit"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_UNDO, "&Undo" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+Z"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, ""
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_CUT, "Cu&t" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+X"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_COPY, "&Copy" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+C"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_PASTE, "&Paste" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+V"
       hPopUpMenu = CreatePopUpMenu
          AppendMenuW hMenu, MF_POPUP OR MF_ENABLED, CAST(UINT_PTR, hPopUpMenu), "&Window"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_TILEH, "&Tile Horizontal"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_TILEV, "Tile &Vertical"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_CASCADE, "Ca&scade"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_ARRANGE, "&Arrange &Icons"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_SEPARATOR, 0, ""
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_CLOSE, "&Close" & CHR(9) & "Ctrl+F4"
             AppendMenuW hPopUpMenu, MF_ENABLED, IDM_CLOSEALL, "Close &All"
       FUNCTION = hMenu

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WinMain (BYVAL hInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL hPrevInstance AS HINSTANCE, _
                      BYVAL szCmdLine AS ZSTRING PTR, _
                      BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG) AS LONG

       ' // Set process DPI aware
       AfxSetProcessDPIAware

       ' // Create the main window
       DIM pWindow AS CWindow
       pWindow.Create(NULL, "MDI with CWindow", @WndProc)
       ' // Change the window style to avoid flicker
       pWindow.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS
       ' // Set the client size
       pWindow.SetClientSize 650, 400
       ' // Center the window
       pWindow.Center

       ' // Create a menu
       DIM hMenu AS HMENU
       hMenu = BuildMenu
       SetMenu pWindow.hWindow, hMenu

       '// Create a MDI client child window
       DIM hwindowMenu AS HMENU
       hwindowMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu, 2)
       pWindow.CreateMDIWindow(101, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwindowMenu, @MDIWindowProc)

       ' // Dispatch Windows messages
       FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Main window callback procedure
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION WndProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       STATIC hwndClient AS HWND    ' // Handle of the MDI client window
       DIM hwndActive AS HWND       ' // Active window
       DIM ptnmhdr AS NMHDR PTR     ' // Information about a notification message
       DIM hMdi AS HWND             ' // MDI child window handle
       STATIC nIdx AS LONG          ' // Counter
       STATIC pWindow AS CWindow PTR

       FUNCTION = 0

       ' // Retrieve the MDI client window handle
       IF hwndClient = NULL AND pWindow <> NULL THEN hwndClient = pWindow->hwndClient

       SELECT CASE AS CONST uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             ' // Retrieve a reference to the CWindow class from the CREATESTRUCT structure
             pWindow = AfxCWindowPtr(lParam)
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_COMMAND
             SELECT CASE GET_WM_COMMAND_ID(wParam, lParam)
                CASE IDCANCEL
                   IF GET_WM_COMMAND_CMD(wParam, lParam) = BN_CLICKED THEN
                      SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                      EXIT FUNCTION
                   END IF

                ' // New window
                CASE IDM_NEW
                   IF hwndClient THEN
                      nIdx += 1
                      DIM mdi AS MDICREATESTRUCTW, dwStyle AS DWORD
                      IF IsZoomed(CAST(HWND, SendMessageW(hwndClient, WM_MDIGETACTIVE, 0, 0))) THEN dwStyle = WS_MAXIMIZE
                      hMdi = CreateWindowExW(WS_EX_MDICHILD OR WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, "FBFrameClass", "", _
                               dwStyle, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, _
                               hwndClient, NULL, CAST(HANDLE, GetWindowLongPtrW(hwndClient, GWLP_HINSTANCE)), NULL)
                      SetWindowTextW hMdi, "MDI Child Window " & WSTR(nIdx)
                   END IF
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                ' // Tile horizontally
                CASE IDM_TILEH
                   IF hwndClient THEN SendMessageW hwndClient, WM_MDITILE, MDITILE_HORIZONTAL, 0
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                ' // Tile vertically
                CASE IDM_TILEV
                   IF hwndClient THEN SendMessageW hwndClient, WM_MDITILE, MDITILE_VERTICAL, 0
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                ' // Cascade windows
                CASE IDM_CASCADE
                   IF hwndClient THEN SendMessageW hwndClient, WM_MDICASCADE, 0, 0
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                ' // Arrange icons
                CASE IDM_ARRANGE
                   IF hwndClient THEN SendMessageW hwndClient, WM_MDIICONARRANGE, 0, 0
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                CASE IDM_CLOSE
                   ' // Close the active window
                   IF hwndClient THEN
                      hwndActive = CAST(HANDLE, SendMessageW(hwndClient, WM_MDIGETACTIVE, 0, 0))
                      IF SendMessageW(hwndActive, WM_QUERYENDSESSION, 0, 0) THEN
                         SendMessageW hwndClient, WM_MDIDESTROY, CAST(LPARAM, hwndActive), 0
                      END IF
                   END IF
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                CASE IDM_CLOSEALL
                   ' // Close all the MDI child windows
                   IF hwndClient THEN
                      EnumChildWindows hwndClient, @CWindow_CloseEnumProc, 0
                   END IF
                   EXIT FUNCTION

                ' // Exit the application
                CASE IDM_EXIT
                   SendMessageW hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0
                   EXIT FUNCTION

             END SELECT

             ' // Pass unprocessed messages to the active MDI child and then to DefFrameProc()
             hwndActive = CAST(HWND, SendMessageW(hwndClient, WM_MDIGETACTIVE, 0, 0))
             IF IsWindow(hwndActive) THEN SendMessageW hwndActive, WM_COMMAND, wParam, lParam

          CASE WM_NOTIFY
             ptnmhdr = CAST(NMHDR PTR, lParam)
    '         SELECT CASE ptnmhdr->idFrom
    '            ' ...
    '            ' ...
    '         END SELECT

             ' // Pass unprocessed messages to the active MDI child and then to DefFrameProc()
             IF hwndClient THEN
                hwndActive = CAST(HWND, SendMessageW(hwndClient, WM_MDIGETACTIVE, 0, 0))
                IF IsWindow(hwndActive) THEN SendMessageW hwndActive, WM_NOTIFY, wParam, lParam
             END IF

          CASE WM_SIZE
             ' // If the window isn't minimized, resize it
             IF wParam <> SIZE_MINIMIZED THEN
                IF hwndClient <> NULL AND pWindow <> NULL THEN
                   pWindow->MoveWindow hwndClient, 0, 0, pWindow->ClientWidth + 2, pWindow->ClientHeight + 2, CTRUE
                END IF
             END IF
             ' // Note: This message is not passed to DefFrameProc when space
             ' // is being reserved in the client area of the MDI frame
             ' // or controls on the MDI frame are resizeable.
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_CLOSE
             IF hwndClient THEN
                ' // Attempt to close all MDI child windows
                EnumChildWindows hwndClient, @CWindow_CloseEnumProc, 0
                ' // If child windows are still open abort closing the application
                IF GetWindow(hwndClient, GW_CHILD) THEN EXIT FUNCTION
             END IF

          CASE WM_QUERYENDSESSION
             IF hwndClient THEN
                ' // Attempt to close all MDI child windows
                EnumChildWindows hwndClient, @CWindow_CloseEnumProc, 0
                ' // If child windows are still open abort closing the application
                IF GetWindow(hwndClient, GW_CHILD) THEN EXIT FUNCTION
             END IF

            CASE WM_DESTROY
             PostQuitMessage(0)
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       IF hwndClient THEN
       ' // The DefFrameProc function provides default processing for any window
       ' // messages that the window procedure of a multiple-document interface (MDI)
       ' // frame window does not process. All window messages that are not explicitly
       ' // processed by the window procedure must be passed to the DefFrameProc
       ' // function, not the DefWindowProc function.
          FUNCTION = DefFrameProcW(hwnd, hwndClient, uMsg, wParam, lParam)
       ELSE
       ' // The DefWindowProc function calls the default window procedure to provide
       ' // default processing for any window messages that an application does not process.
       ' // This function ensures that every message is processed. DefWindowProc
       ' // is called with the same parameters received by the window procedure.
          FUNCTION = DefWindowProcW(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)
       END IF

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

    ' ========================================================================================
    ' Default CWindow MDI callback function.
    ' ========================================================================================
    FUNCTION MDIWindowProc (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL uMsg AS UINT, BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS LRESULT

       DIM hEdit AS HWND
       DIM rc AS RECT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_CREATE
             ' // Retrieve a pointer to the CWindow class
             DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(GetAncestor(hwnd, GA_ROOTOWNER))
             ' // Create and edit control
             IF pWindow THEN
                GetClientRect hwnd, @rc
                pWindow->AddControl("Edit", hwnd, IDC_EDIT, "", 0, 0, rc.Right, rc.Bottom, _
                   WS_CHILD OR WS_VISIBLE OR ES_MULTILINE OR WS_VSCROLL OR WS_HSCROLL OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL OR ES_AUTOVSCROLL OR ES_WANTRETURN OR ES_NOHIDESEL)
                EXIT FUNCTION
             END IF

          CASE WM_MDIACTIVATE
             IF lParam = hwnd THEN
                ' ...
             END IF
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_SETFOCUS
             ' // Set the keyboard focus to the first control that is
             ' // visible, not disabled, and has the WS_TABSTOP style
             SetFocus GetNextDlgTabItem(hwnd, NULL, FALSE)

          CASE WM_SIZE
             IF wParam <> SIZE_MINIMIZED THEN
                ' // Resize the window and/or its controls
                hEdit = GetDlgItem(hwnd, IDC_EDIT)
                MoveWindow hEdit, 0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam), CTRUE
             END IF

             ' Don't exit. Let DefMDIChildProcW to process the message for
             ' properly resizing of the MDI child window.

          CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // Do cleanup if needed, such removing properties attached
             ' // to the MDI child window.
             EXIT FUNCTION

       END SELECT

       ' // The DefMDIChildProc function provides default processing for any window
       ' // message that the window procedure of a multiple-document interface (MDI)
       ' // child window does not process. A window message not processed by the window
       ' // procedure must be passed to the DefMDIChildProc function, not to the
       ' // DefWindowProc function.
       FUNCTION = DefMDIChildProcW(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' ========================================================================================

# AccelHandle

Gets/sets the accelerator table handle.

    PROPERTY AccelHandle () AS HACCEL
    PROPERTY AccelHandle (BYVAL hAccel AS HACCEL)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hAccel | The new accelerator table handle.

#### Return value

The current accelerator table handle.

#### Remarks

If a previous table was attached to the target dialog, the table is automatically destroyed when the new table is attached in its place. The accelerator table is also destroyed automatically when the class is destroyed.

You can destroy the current accelerator table by setting the property with a null handle.

#### Usage example

DIM hAccel AS HACCEL = pWindow.AccelHandle

# AddAccelerator

Adds an accelerator key to the table.

    SUB AddAccelerator (BYVAL fvirt AS UBYTE, BYVAL wKey AS WORD, BYVAL cmd AS WORD)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
fvirt | The accelerator behavior. This member can be one or more of the following values: FALT (&H10) : The ALT key must be held down when the accelerator key is pressed. FCONTROL (&H08) : The CTRL key must be held down when the accelerator key is pressed. FNOINVERT (&H02) : No top-level menu item is highlighted when the accelerator is used. If this flag is not specified, a top-level menu item will be highlighted, if possible, when the accelerator is used. This attribute is obsolete and retained only for backward compatibility with resource files designed for 16-bit Windows. FSHIFT (&H04) : The SHIFT key must be held down when the accelerator key is pressed. FVIRTKEY (TRUE): The key member specifies a virtual-key code. If this flag is not specified, key is assumed to specify a character code.
vKey | The accelerator key. This member can be either a virtual-key code or a character code.
cmd | The accelerator identifier. This value is placed in the low-order word of the wParam parameter of the WM_COMMAND or WM_SYSCOMMAND message when the accelerator is pressed.

#### Remarks

To create an accelerator table, first add all the keys using this method and then call the CreateAcceleratorTable method.

#### Example

    ' // Create a keyboard accelerator table
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "U", IDM_UNDO ' // Ctrl+U - Undo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "R", IDM_REDO ' // Ctrl+R - Redo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "H", IDM_HOME ' // Ctrl+H - Home
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "S", IDM_SAVE ' // Ctrl+S - Save
    pWindow.CreateAcceleratorTable

# AddControl

Adds a control to the window.

    FUNCTION AddControl (BYREF wszClassName AS WSTRING, BYVAL hParent AS HWND = NULL, _
       BYVAL cID AS LONG_PTR = 0,    BYREF wszTitle AS WSTRING = "", BYVAL x AS LONG = 0, _
       BYVAL y AS LONG = 0, BYVAL nWidth AS LONG = 0, BYVAL nHeight AS LONG = 0, _
       BYVAL dwStyle AS LONG = -1, BYVAL dwExStyle AS LONG = -1, _
       BYVAL lpParam AS LONG_PTR = 0, BYVAL pWndProc AS WNDPROC = NULL, _
       BYVAL uIdSubclass AS UINT_PTR = &HFFFFFFFF, _
       BYVAL dwRefData AS DWORD_PTR = NULL) AS HWND

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
wszClassName | The window class name. The class name can be any name registered with RegisterClass or RegisterClassEx, provided that the module that registers the class is also the module that creates the window. The class name can also be any of the predefined system class names.
hParent | A handle to the parent or owner window of the control being created. If this parameter is omitted, the handle of the main window beloging to the CWindow class is used.
cID | The control identifier, an integer value used to notify its parent about events. The application determines the control identifier; it must be unique for all controls with the same parent window.
wszTitle | The window name. If the window style specifies a title bar, the window title is displayed in the title bar. When creating controls, such as buttons, check boxes, and static controls, use wszTitle to specify the text of the control. When creating a static control with the SS_ICON style, use wszTitle to specify the icon name or identifier. To specify an identifier, use the syntax "#num".
x | The x-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the window relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
y | The initial y-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the window relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
nWidth | The width of the control.
nHeight | The height of the control.
dwStyle | The window styles of the control being created.
dwExStyle | The extended window styles of the control being created.
lpParam | Optional. Pointer to a value to be passed to the window through the CREATESTRUCT structure (lpCreateParams member) pointed to by the lParam param of the WM_CREATE message. This message is sent to the created window by this function before it returns.
pWndProc | Optional. Address of the window callback procedure.
uidSubclass | Optional. The subclass ID.
dwRefData | Optional. Pointer to reference data

#### Return value

If the method succeeds, the return value is a handle to the new control.

If the method fails, the return value is NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

This method typically fails for one of the following reasons:

- An invalid parameter value
- The system class was registered by a different module
- The WH_CBT hook is installed and returns a failure code
- If the control is not registered or its window window procedure fails WM_CREATE or WM_NCCREATE.

#### Predefined class names and styles

Class name | Styles
--- | ---
"BUTTON" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_PUSHBUTTON OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER. BS_FLAT: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_PUSHBUTTON OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER OR BS_FLAT. BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER OR BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON. BS_OWNERDRAW: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_OWNERDRAW. BS_SPLITBUTTON: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER OR BS_SPLITBUTTON>. BS_DEFSPLITBUTTON: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_CENTER OR BS_VCENTER OR BS_DEFSPLITBUTTON.
"CUSTOMBUTTON", "OWNERDRAWBUTTON" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_OWNERDRAW.
"RADIOBUTTON", "OPTION" | Default: Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON OR BS_LEFT OR BS_VCENTER- WS_GROUP: WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON OR BS_LEFT OR BS_VCENTER OR WS_GROUP.
"CHECKBOX" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_AUTOCHECKBOX OR BS_LEFT OR BS_VCENTER.
"CHECK3STATE" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_AUTO3STATE OR BS_LEFT OR BS_VCENTER.
"LABEL" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR SS_LEFT OR WS_GROUP OR SS_NOTIFY.
"BITMAPLABEL" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_GROUP OR SS_BITMAP. Default extended style: WS_EX_TRANSPARENT.
"ICONLABEL" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_GROUP OR SS_ICON. Default extended style: WS_EX_TRANSPARENT.
"BITMAPBUTTON" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_PUSHBUTTON OR BS_BITMAP.
"ICONBUTTON" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR BS_PUSHBUTTON OR BS_ICON.
"CUSTOMLABEL" | Default: WS_VISIBLE OR WS_GROUP OR SS_OWNERDRAW.
"FRAME". "FRAMEWINDOW | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR WS_GROUP OR SS_BLACKFRAME. Default extended style: WS_EX_TRANSPARENT.
"GROUPBOX" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR WS_GROUP OR BS_GROUPBOX. Default extended style: WS_EX_TRANSPARENT.
"LINE" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR SS_ETCHEDFRAME. Default extended style: WS_EX_TRANSPARENT.
"EDIT", "TEXTBOX" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR ES_LEFT OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"EDITMULTILINE", "MULTILINETEXTBOX" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR ES_LEFT OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL OR ES_MULTILINE OR ES_NOHIDESEL OR ES_WANTRETURN. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"COMBOBOX" | Default: WS_CHILD OR WS_VISIBLE OR WS_VSCROLL OR WS_BORDER OR WS_TABSTOP OR CBS_DROPDOWN OR CBS_HASSTRINGS OR CBS_SORT. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"COMBOBOXEX", "COMBOBOXEX32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_BORDER OR WS_TABSTOP OR CBS_DROPDOWNLIST.
"LISTBOX" | Default: WS_VISIBLE OR WS_HSCROLL OR WS_VSCROLL OR WS_BORDER OR WS_TABSTOP OR LBS_STANDARD OR LBS_HASSTRINGS OR LBS_SORT OR LBS_NOTIFY. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"PROGRESSBAR", "MSCTLS_PROGRESS32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE.
"HEADER", "SYSHEADER32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR CCS_TOP OR HDS_HORZ OR HDS_BUTTONS.
"TREEVIEW", "SYSTREEVIEW32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_BORDER OR WS_TABSTOP OR TVS_HASBUTTONS OR TVS_HASLINES OR TVS_LINESATROOT OR TVS_SHOWSELALWAYS. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"LISTVIEW", "SYSLISTVIEW32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_TABSTOP OR LVS_REPORT OR LVS_SHOWSELALWAYS OR LVS_SHAREIMAGELISTS OR LVS_AUTOARRANGE OR LVS_EDITLABELS OR LVS_ALIGNTOP. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"TOOLBAR", "TOOLBARWINDOW32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR CCS_TOP OR WS_BORDER OR TBSTYLE_FLAT OR TBSTYLE_TOOLTIPS.
"REBAR", "REBARWINDOW32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_BORDER OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR CCS_NODIVIDER OR RBS_VARHEIGHT OR RBS_BANDBORDERS.
"DATETIMEPICKER", "SYSDATETIMEPICK32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR DTS_SHORTDATEFORMAT.
"MONTHCALENDAR", "MONTHCAL", "SYSMONTHCAL32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"IPADDRESS", "SYSIPADDRESS32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"HOTKEY", "MSCTLS_HOTKEY32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.
"ANIMATE", "ANIMATION", "SYSANIMATE32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR ACS_TRANSPARENT.
"SYSLINK" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP.
"PAGER", "SYSPAGER" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR PGS_HORZ.
"TAB", "TABCONTROL", "SYSTABCONTROL32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_GROUP OR WS_TABSTOP OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR TCS_TABS OR TCS_SINGLELINE OR TCS_RAGGEDRIGHT. Default extended style: WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT.
"STATUSBAR", "MSCTLS_STATUSBAR32" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR CCS_BOTTOM OR SBARS_SIZEGRIP.
"SIZEBAR", "SIZEBOX", "SIZEGRIP" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR SBS_SIZEGRIP OR SBS_SIZEBOXBOTTOMRIGHTALIGN.
"HSCROLLBAR" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR SBS_HORZ.
"VSCROLLBAR" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR SBS_VERT.
"TRACKBAR", "MSCTLS_TRACKBAR32", "SLIDER" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR TBS_AUTOTICKS OR TBS_HORZ OR TBS_BOTTOM.
"UPDOWN", "MSCTLS_UPDOWN32" | Default: WS_VISIBLE OR UDS_WRAP OR UDS_ARROWKEYS OR UDS_ALIGNRIGHT OR UDS_SETBUDDYINT.
"RICHEDIT", "RichEdit50W" | Default: WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE OR WS_TABSTOP OR ES_LEFT OR WS_HSCROLL OR WS_VSCROLL OR ES_AUTOHSCROLL OR ES_AUTOVSCROLL OR ES_MULTILINE OR ES_WANTRETURN OR ES_NOHIDESEL OR ES_SAVESEL. Default extended style: WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE.

#### Remarks

For the "BITMAPBUTTON", "BITMAPLABEL", "ICONBUTTON" and "ICONLABEL" controls you must pass in the wszTitle parameter the name of the bitmap in the resource file (.RES). If the image resource uses an integral identifier, the name should begin with a number symbol (#) followed by the identifier in an ASCII format, e.g., "#998". Otherwise, use the text identifier name for the image.

#### Subclassing

This method supports two ways of subclassing:

1. Pass in the pWndProc parameter the address of the subclass procedure.

Example of subclass procedure:

    ' =======================================================
    ' Processes messages for the subclassed control.
    ' =======================================================
    FUNCTION SubclassProc ( _
       BYVAL hwnd   AS HWND, _                 ' // Control window handle
       BYVAL uMsg   AS UINT, _                 ' // Type of message
       BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, _               ' // First message parameter
       BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM _                ' // Second message parameter
       ) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
             ' // All keyboard input
             FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTALLKEYS
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_KEYDOWN   ' etc.
             ...
             ...
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // REQUIRED: Remove control subclassing
             SetWindowLongPtrW hwnd, GWLP_WNDPROC, _
                CAST(LONG_PTR, RemovePropW(hwnd, "OLDWNDPROC"))

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = CallWindowProcW(GetPropW(hwnd, "OLDWNDPROC"), hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' =======================================================

    2) Subclassing passing the address of the subclass procedure in pWndProc, the subclass ID in uIdSubclass and an optional pointer to reference data in dwRefData.

    Example of subclass procedure:

    ' =======================================================
    ' Processes messages for the subclassed Button window.
    ' =======================================================
    FUNCTION SubclassProc ( _
       BYVAL hwnd   AS HWND, _                 ' // Control window handle
       BYVAL uMsg   AS UINT, _                 ' // Type of message
       BYVAL wParam AS WPARAM, _               ' // First message parameter
       BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM, _               ' // Second message parameter
       BYVAL uIdSubclass AS UINT_PTR, _        ' // The subclass ID
       BYVAL dwRefData AS DWORD_PTR _          ' // Pointer to reference data
       ) AS LRESULT

       SELECT CASE uMsg

          CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
             ' // All keyboard input
             FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTALLKEYS
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_KEYDOWN   ' etc.
             EXIT FUNCTION

          CASE WM_DESTROY
             ' // REQUIRED: Remove control subclassing
             RemoveWindowSubclass hwnd, @SubclassProc, uIdSubclass

       END SELECT

       FUNCTION = DefSubclassProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam)

    END FUNCTION
    ' =======================================================

For the uIdSubclass parameter you can use any positive value except &hFFFFFFFF. CWindow uses the reserved default value of &hFFFFFFF to know if it has to use the old way of subclassing or the new way with SetWindowSubclass.

Two of the added benefits are that you can use the same subclass procedure for several controls and identify them thanks to the uIdSubclass (for example passing the ID of the control), and that you can pass a pointer to reference data.

SetWindowSubclass was made available for the first time in ComCtl32.dll version 6 and, therefore, can only be used with Windows XP or superior. ComCtl32.dll version 6 is Unicode only. The common controls supported by ComCtl32.dll version 6 should not be subclassed (or superclassed) with ANSI window procedures.

# BigIcon

Associates a new large icon with the main window. The system displays the large icon in the ALT+TAB dialog box.

    PROPERTY BigIcon (BYVAL hIcon AS HICON)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hIcon | The icon handle. If this parameter is NULL, the icon is removed.

#### Example

    pWindow.BigIcon = LoadImage(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(101), IMAGE_ICON, 48, 48, LR_SHARED)

# SmallIcon

Associates a new small icon with the main window. The system displays the small icon in the in the window caption.

    PROPERTY SmallIcon (BYVAL hIcon AS HICON)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hIcon | The icon handle. If this parameter is NULL, the icon is removed.

#### Example

    pWindow.SmallIcon = LoadImage(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(100), IMAGE_ICON, 32, 32, LR_SHARED)

# Brush

Gets/sets the background brush.

    PROPERTY Brush () AS HBRUSH
    PROPERTY Brush (BYVAL hbrBackground AS HBRUSH)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hbrBackground | A handle to the class background brush. This member can be a handle to the physical brush to be used for painting the background, or it can be a color value. A color value must be one of the following standard system colors (the value 1 must be added to the chosen color), e.g. COLOR_WINDOW + 1.

#### Usage examples

    pWindow.Brush = CAST(HBRUSH, COLOR_WINDOW + 1)

    ' // Make the background of the window white
    pWindow.Brush = GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)

    ' // Make the background of the window blue
    pWindow.Brush = CreateSolidBrush(BGR(0, 0, 255))

# Center

Centers a window on the screen or over another window. It also ensures that the placement is done within the work area.

    SUB Center (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND = NULL, BYVAL hwndParent AS HWND = NULL)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Optional. Handle to the window. If NULL, the handle of the main window is used.
hwndParent | Optional. Handle to the parent window. If NULL, the coordinates of the work area of the desktop window are used for the calculations.

#### Example

    ' // Creates the main window
    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow test", @WndProc)
    ' // Sizes it by setting the wanted width and height of its client area
    pWindow.SetClientSize(500, 320)
    ' // Centers the window
    pWindow.Center

# ClassStyle

Gets/sets the style of the class.

    PROPERTY ClassStyle () AS ULONG_PTR
    PROPERTY ClassStyle (BYVAL dwStyle AS ULONG_PTR)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
dwStyle | The class style. Can be a combination of the following constants:

Constant | Description
--- | ---
CS_BYTEALIGNCLIENT | Aligns the window's client area on a byte boundary (in the x direction). This style affects the width of the window and its horizontal placement on the display.
CS_BYTEALIGNWINDOW | Aligns the window on a byte boundary (in the x direction). This style affects the width of the window and its horizontal placement on the display.
CS_CLASSDC | Allocates one device context to be shared by all windows in the class. Because window classes are process specific, it is possible for multiple threads of an application to create a window of the same class. It is also possible for the threads to attempt to use the device context simultaneously. When this happens, the system allows only one thread to successfully finish its drawing operation.
CS_DBLCLKS | Sends a double-click message to the window procedure when the user double-clicks the mouse while the cursor is within a window belonging to the class.
CS_DROPSHADOW | Enables the drop shadow effect on a window. The effect is turned on and off through SPI_SETDROPSHADOW. Typically, this is enabled for small, short-lived windows such as menus to emphasize their Z order relationship to other windows.
CS_GLOBALCLASS | Indicates that the window class is an application global class.
CS_HREDRAW | Redraws the entire window if a movement or size adjustment changes the width of the client area.
CS_NOCLOSE | Disables Close on the window menu.
CS_OWNDC | Allocates a unique device context for each window in the class.
CS_PARENTDC | Sets the clipping rectangle of the child window to that of the parent window so that the child can draw on the parent. A window with the CS_PARENTDC style bit receives a regular device context from the system's cache of device contexts. It does not give the child the parent's device context or device context settings. Specifying CS_PARENTDC enhances an application's performance.
CS_SAVEBITS | Saves, as a bitmap, the portion of the screen image obscured by a window of this class. When the window is removed, the system uses the saved bitmap to restore the screen image, including other windows that were obscured. Therefore, the system does not send WM_PAINT messages to windows that were obscured if the memory used by the bitmap has not been discarded and if other screen actions have not invalidated the stored image. This style is useful for small windows (for example, menus or dialog boxes) that are displayed briefly and then removed before other screen activity takes place. This style increases the time required to display the window, because the system must first allocate memory to store the bitmap.
CS_VREDRAW | Redraws the entire window if a movement or size adjustment changes the height of the client area.

#### Example

    ' // Creates the main window
    DIM pWindow AS CWindow
    pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow test", @WndProc)
    ' // Change the class style
    pWindow.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS

# ClientHeight

Returns the unscaled client height of the main window.

    PROPERTY ClientHeight () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pWindow.ClientHeight

# ClientWidth

Returns the unscaled client width of the main window.

    PROPERTY ClientWidth () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nWidth AS LONG = pWindow.ClientWidth

# ControlClientHeight

Returns the unscaled client height of the specified window or control.

    PROPERTY ControlClientHeight (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.

#### Usage example

    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pWindow.ControlClientHeight(hwnd)

# ControlClientWidth

Returns the unscaled client width of the specified window or control.

    PROPERTY ControlClientWidth (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.

#### Usage example

    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pWindow.ControlClientWidth(hwnd)

# ControlHandle

Retrieves a handle to the child control specified by its identifier.

    FUNCTION ControlHandle (BYVAL cID AS LONG) AS HWND

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cID | The child control identifier.

#### Usage example

    DIM hCtl AS HWND = pWindow.ControlHandle(cID)

# ControlHeight

Returns the unscaled height of the specified window.

    FUNCTION ControlHeight (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.

#### Usage example

    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pWindow.ControlHeight(hwnd)

# ControlWidth

Returns the unscaled width of the specified window.

    FUNCTION ControlWidth (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.

#### Usage example

    DIM nWidth AS LONG = pWindow.ControlWidth(hwnd)

# Create

Create creates a new window. If you don't specify the window styles, it creates an overlaped window with the styles WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS and the extended styles WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT OR WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE.

CreateOverlapped creates an overlapped window. An overlapped window has a title bar and a border and uses these styles: WS_OVERLAPPED OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_SYSMENU.

    FUNCTION Create (BYVAL hParent AS HWND = NULL, BYREF wszTitle AS WSTRING = "", _
       BYVAL lpfnWndProc AS WNDPROC = NULL, BYVAL x AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, _
       BYVAL y AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, BYVAL nWidth AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, _
       BYVAL nHeight AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT,
       BYVAL dwStyle AS UINT = WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS, _
       BYVAL dwExStyle AS UINT = WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT OR WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE) AS HWND

    FUNCTION CreateOverlapped (BYVAL hParent AS HWND = NULL, BYREF wszTitle AS WSTRING = "", _
       BYVAL lpfnWndProc AS WNDPROC = NULL, BYVAL x AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, _
       BYVAL y AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, BYVAL nWidth AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, _
       BYVAL nHeight AS LONG = CW_USEDEFAULT, _
       BYVAL dwExStyle AS UINT = WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT OR WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE) AS HWND

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hParent | A handle to the parent or owner window of the control being created.
wszTitle | The window caption.
lpfnWndProc | Address of the window callback procedure.
x | The x-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the window relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
y | The initial y-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the window relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
nWidth | The width of the window.
nHeight | The height of the window.
dwStyle | The style of the window being created.
dwExStyle | The extended window style of the control being created.

#### Return value

If the function succeeds, the return value is a handle to the new window.

If the function fails, the return value is NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

#### Window Styles

The following are the window styles. After the window has been created, these styles cannot be modified, except as noted.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
WS_BORDER | The window has a thin-line border.
WS_CAPTION | The window has a title bar (includes the WS_BORDER style).
WS_CHILD | The window is a child window. A window with this style cannot have a menu bar. This style cannot be used with the WS_POPUP style.
WS_CHILDWINDOW | Same as the WS_CHILD style.
WS_CLIPCHILDREN | Excludes the area occupied by child windows when drawing occurs within the parent window. This style is used when creating the parent window.
WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | Clips child windows relative to each other; that is, when a particular child window receives a WM_PAINT message, the WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style clips all other overlapping child windows out of the region of the child window to be updated. If WS_CLIPSIBLINGS is not specified and child windows overlap, it is possible, when drawing within the client area of a child window, to draw within the client area of a neighboring child window.
WS_DISABLED | The window is initially disabled. A disabled window cannot receive input from the user. To change this after a window has been created, use the EnableWindow function.
WS_DLGFRAME | The window has a border of a style typically used with dialog boxes. A window with this style cannot have a title bar.
WS_GROUP | The window is the first control of a group of controls. The group consists of this first control and all controls defined after it, up to the next control with the WS_GROUP style. The first control in each group usually has the WS_TABSTOP style so that the user can move from group to group. The user can subsequently change the keyboard focus from one control in the group to the next control in the group by using the direction keys.
WS_GROUP | The window is the first control of a group of controls. The group consists of this first control and all controls defined after it, up to the next control with the WS_GROUP style. The first control in each group usually has the WS_TABSTOP style so that the user can move from group to group. The user can subsequently change the keyboard focus from one control in the group to the next control in the group by using the direction keys. You can turn this style on and off to change dialog box navigation. To change this style after a window has been created, use the SetWindowLongPtrW function.
WS_HSCROLL | The window has a horizontal scroll bar.
WS_ICONIC | The window is initially minimized. Same as the WS_MINIMIZE style.
WS_MAXIMIZE | The window is initially maximized.
WS_MAXIMIZEBOX | The window has a maximize button. Cannot be combined with the WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP style. The WS_SYSMENU style must also be specified.
WS_MINIMIZE | The window is initially minimized. Same as the WS_ICONIC style.
WS_MINIMIZEBOX | The window has a minimize button. Cannot be combined with the WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP style. The WS_SYSMENU style must also be specified.
WS_OVERLAPPED | The window is an overlapped window. An overlapped window has a title bar and a border. Same as the WS_TILED style.
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | (WS_OVERLAPPED OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_SYSMENU OR WS_THICKFRAME OR WS_MINIMIZEBOX OR WS_MAXIMIZEBOX). The window is an overlapped window. Same as the WS_TILEDWINDOW style.
WS_POPUP | The windows is a pop-up window. This style cannot be used with the WS_CHILD style.
WS_POPUPWINDOW | (WS_POPUP OR WS_BORDER OR WS_SYSMENU). The window is a pop-up window. The WS_CAPTION and WS_POPUPWINDOW styles must be combined to make the window menu visible.
WS_SIZEBOX | The window has a sizing border. Same as the WS_THICKFRAME style.
WS_SYSMENU | The window has a window menu on its title bar. The WS_CAPTION style must also be specified.
WS_TABSTOP | The window is a control that can receive the keyboard focus when the user presses the TAB key. Pressing the TAB key changes the keyboard focus to the next control with the WS_TABSTOP style. You can turn this style on and off to change dialog box navigation. To change this style after a window has been created, use the SetWindowLongPtrW function. For user-created windows and modeless dialogs to work with tab stops, alter the message loop to call the IsDialogMessage function.
WS_THICKFRAME | The window has a sizing border. Same as the WS_SIZEBOX style.
WS_TILED | The window is an overlapped window. An overlapped window has a title bar and a border. Same as the WS_OVERLAPPED style.
WS_TILEDWINDOW | (WS_OVERLAPPED OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_SYSMENU OR WS_THICKFRAME OR WS_MINIMIZEBOX OR WS_MAXIMIZEBOX). The window is an overlapped window. Same as the WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW style.
WS_VISIBLE | The window is initially visible. This style can be turned on and off by using the ShowWindow or SetWindowPos function.
WS_VSCROLL | The window has a vertical scroll bar.

#### Extended Window Styles

Constant | Description
--- | ---
WS_EX_ACCEPTFILES | The window accepts drag-drop files.
WS_EX_APPWINDOW | Forces a top-level window onto the taskbar when the window is visible.
WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE | The window has a border with a sunken edge.
WS_EX_COMPOSITED | Paints all descendants of a window in bottom-to-top painting order using double-buffering. This cannot be used if the window has a class style of either CS_OWNDC or CS_CLASSDC.
WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP | The title bar of the window includes a question mark. When the user clicks the question mark, the cursor changes to a question mark with a pointer. If the user then clicks a child window, the child receives a WM_HELP message. The child window should pass the message to the parent window procedure, which should call the WinHelp function using the HELP_WM_HELP command. The Help application displays a pop-up window that typically contains help for the child window. WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP cannot be used with the WS_MAXIMIZEBOX or WS_MINIMIZEBOX styles.
WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT | The window itself contains child windows that should take part in dialog box navigation. If this style is specified, the dialog manager recurses into children of this window when performing navigation operations such as handling the TAB key, an arrow key, or a keyboard mnemonic.
WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME | The window has a double border; the window can, optionally, be created with a title bar by specifying the WS_CAPTION style in the dwStyle parameter.
WS_EX_LAYERED | The window is a layered window. Note that this cannot be used for child windows. Also, this cannot be used if the window has a class style of either CS_OWNDC or CS_CLASSDC.
WS_EX_LAYOUTRTL | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading order alignment, the horizontal origin of the window is on the right edge. Increasing horizontal values advance to the left.
WS_EX_LEFT | The window has generic left-aligned properties. This is the default.
WS_EX_LEFTSCROLLBAR | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading order alignment, the vertical scroll bar (if present) is to the left of the client area. For other languages, the style is ignored.
WS_EX_LTRREADING | The window text is displayed using left-to-right reading-order properties. This is the default.
WS_EX_MDICHILD | The window is a MDI child window.
WS_EX_NOACTIVATE | A top-level window created with this style does not become the foreground window when the user clicks it. The system does not bring this window to the foreground when the user minimizes or closes the foreground window. To activate the window, use the SetActiveWindow or SetForegroundWindow function. The window does not appear on the taskbar by default. To force the window to appear on the taskbar, use the WS_EX_APPWINDOW style.
WS_EX_NOINHERITLAYOUT | The window does not pass its window layout to its child windows.
WS_EX_NOPARENTNOTIFY | The child window created with this style does not send the WM_PARENTNOTIFY message to its parent window when it is created or destroyed.
WS_EX_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | (WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE OR WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE). The window is an overlapped window.
WS_EX_PALETTEWINDOW | (WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE OR WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW OR WS_EX_TOPMOST). The window is palette window, which is a modeless dialog box that presents an array of commands.
WS_EX_RIGHT | The window has generic "right-aligned" properties. This depends on the window class. This style has an effect only if the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading-order alignment; otherwise, the style is ignored. Using the WS_EX_RIGHT style for static or edit controls has the same effect as using the SS_RIGHT or ES_RIGHT style, respectively. Using this style with button controls has the same effect as using BS_RIGHT and BS_RIGHTBUTTON styles.
WS_EX_RIGHTSCROLLBAR | The vertical scroll bar (if present) is to the right of the client area. This is the default.
WS_EX_RTLREADING | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading-order alignment, the window text is displayed using right-to-left reading-order properties. For other languages, the style is ignored.
WS_EX_STATICEDGE | The window has a three-dimensional border style intended to be used for items that do not accept user input.
WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW | The window is intended to be used as a floating toolbar. A tool window has a title bar that is shorter than a normal title bar, and the window title is drawn using a smaller font. A tool window does not appear in the taskbar or in the dialog that appears when the user presses ALT+TAB. If a tool window has a system menu, its icon is not displayed on the title bar. However, you can display the system menu by right-clicking or by typing ALT+SPACE.
WS_EX_TOPMOST | The window should be placed above all non-topmost windows and should stay above them, even when the window is deactivated. To add or remove this style, use the SetWindowPos function.
WS_EX_TRANSPARENT | The window should not be painted until siblings beneath the window (that were created by the same thread) have been painted. The window appears transparent because the bits of underlying sibling windows have already been painted. To achieve transparency without these restrictions, use the SetWindowRgn function.
WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE | The window has a border with a raised edge.

#### Usage examples

    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create

    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc)

    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc), 0, 0, 525, 395)

    DIM hwndMain AS HWND = pWindow.Create(NULL, "CWindow Test", @WndProc, 0, 0, 525, 395, _
       WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS, WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT OR WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE)

# CreateAcceleratorTable

Creates the accelerator table.

    FUNCTION CreateAcceleratorTable () AS HACCEL

#### Return value

The handle of the new accelerator table.

#### Example

    ' // Create a keyboard accelerator table
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "U", IDM_UNDO ' // Ctrl+U - Undo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "R", IDM_REDO ' // Ctrl+R - Redo
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "H", IDM_HOME ' // Ctrl+H - Home
    pWindow.AddAccelerator FVIRTKEY OR FCONTROL, "S", IDM_SAVE ' // Ctrl+S - Save
    DIM hAccel AS HACCEL = pWindow.CreateAcceleratorTable

# CreateFont

Creates a DPI aware logical font.

    FUNCTION CreateFont (BYREF wszFaceName AS WSTRING, BYVAL lPointSize AS LONG, _
       BYVAL lWeight AS LONG = FW_NORMAL, BYVAL bItalic AS UBYTE = FALSE, _
       BYVAL bUnderline AS UBYTE = FALSE, BYVAL bStrikeOut AS UBYTE = FALSE, _
       BYVAL bCharSet AS UBYTE = DEFAULT_CHARSET) AS HFONT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
wszFaceName | A string that specifies the typeface name of the font. The length of this string must not exceed 31 characters. The EnumFontFamilies function can be used to enumerate the typeface names of all currently available fonts. If wszFaceName is an empty string, GDI uses the first font that matches the other specified attributes.
lPointSize | Specifies the height, in logical units, of the font's character cell or character.
lWeight | Specifies the weight of the font in the range 0 through 1000. If this value is zero, a default weight is used.
bItalic | Specifies an italic font if set to CTRUE.
bUnderline | Specifies an underlined font if set to CTRUE.
bStrikeOut | Specifies a strikeout font if set to CTRUE.
bCharSet | Specifies the character set. The following values are predefined: ANSI_CHARSET, BALTIC_CHARSET, CHINESEBIG5_CHARSET, DEFAULT_CHARSET, EASTEUROPE_CHARSET, GB2312_CHARSET, GREEK_CHARSET, HANGUL_CHARSET, MAC_CHARSET, OEM_CHARSET, RUSSIAN_CHARSET, SHIFTJIS_CHARSET, SYMBOL_CHARSET, TURKISH_CHARSET. Korean Windows: JOHAB_CHARSET. Middle-Eastern Windows: HEBREW_CHARSET, ARABIC_CHARSET. Thai Windows: THAI_CHARSET. The OEM_CHARSET value specifies a character set that is operating-system dependent. DEFAULT_CHARSET is set to a value based on the current system locale. For example, when the system locale is English (United States), it is set as ANSI_CHARSET. Fonts with other character sets may exist in the operating system. If an application uses a font with an unknown character set, it should not attempt to translate or interpret strings that are rendered with that font. This parameter is important in the font mapping process. To ensure consistent results, specify a specific character set. If you specify a typeface name in the wszFaceName parameter, make sure that the bCharSet value matches the character set of the typeface specified in wszFaceName.

#### Return value

A handle to a logical font indicates success. NULL indicates failure. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

#### Examples

    hFont = CWindow.CreateFont("MS Sans Serif", 8, FW_NORMAL, , , , DEFAULT_CHARSET)
    hFont = CWindow.CreateFont("Courier New", 10, FW_BOLD, , , , DEFAULT_CHARSET)
    hFont = CWindow.CreateFont("Marlett", 8, FW_NORMAL, , , , SYMBOL_CHARSET)

# CreateMDIWindow

Creates a new MDI window.

    FUNCTION Create (BYVAL cID AS LONG_PTR = NULL, BYVAL x AS LONG, BYVAL y AS LONG, _
       BYVAL nWidth AS LONG, BYVAL nHeight AS LONG, BYVAL dwStyle AS UINT, _
       BYVAL dwExStyle AS UINT, BYVAL hSubMenu AS HANDLE, BYVAL lpfnWndProc AS WNDPROC) AS HWND

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cID | The control identifier.
x | Horizontal position.
y | Vertical position.
nWidth | The width of the window.
nHeight | The height of the window.
dwStyle | The style of the window being created.
dwExStyle | The extended window style of the control being created.
lpfnWndProc | Address of the window callback procedure.

#### Return value

If the function succeeds, the return value is a handle to the new window.

If the function fails, the return value is NULL. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

#### Window Styles

The following are the window styles. After the window has been created, these styles cannot be modified, except as noted.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
WS_BORDER | The window has a thin-line border.
WS_CAPTION | The window has a title bar (includes the WS_BORDER style).
WS_CHILD | The window is a child window. A window with this style cannot have a menu bar. This style cannot be used with the WS_POPUP style.
WS_CHILDWINDOW | Same as the WS_CHILD style.
WS_CLIPCHILDREN | Excludes the area occupied by child windows when drawing occurs within the parent window. This style is used when creating the parent window.
WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | Clips child windows relative to each other; that is, when a particular child window receives a WM_PAINT message, the WS_CLIPSIBLINGS style clips all other overlapping child windows out of the region of the child window to be updated. If WS_CLIPSIBLINGS is not specified and child windows overlap, it is possible, when drawing within the client area of a child window, to draw within the client area of a neighboring child window.
WS_DISABLED | The window is initially disabled. A disabled window cannot receive input from the user. To change this after a window has been created, use the EnableWindow function.
WS_DLGFRAME | The window has a border of a style typically used with dialog boxes. A window with this style cannot have a title bar.
WS_GROUP | The window is the first control of a group of controls. The group consists of this first control and all controls defined after it, up to the next control with the WS_GROUP style. The first control in each group usually has the WS_TABSTOP style so that the user can move from group to group. The user can subsequently change the keyboard focus from one control in the group to the next control in the group by using the direction keys.
WS_GROUP | The window is the first control of a group of controls. The group consists of this first control and all controls defined after it, up to the next control with the WS_GROUP style. The first control in each group usually has the WS_TABSTOP style so that the user can move from group to group. The user can subsequently change the keyboard focus from one control in the group to the next control in the group by using the direction keys. You can turn this style on and off to change dialog box navigation. To change this style after a window has been created, use the SetWindowLongPtrW function.
WS_HSCROLL | The window has a horizontal scroll bar.
WS_ICONIC | The window is initially minimized. Same as the WS_MINIMIZE style.
WS_MAXIMIZE | The window is initially maximized.
WS_MAXIMIZEBOX | The window has a maximize button. Cannot be combined with the WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP style. The WS_SYSMENU style must also be specified.
WS_MINIMIZE | The window is initially minimized. Same as the WS_ICONIC style.
WS_MINIMIZEBOX | The window has a minimize button. Cannot be combined with the WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP style. The WS_SYSMENU style must also be specified.
WS_OVERLAPPED | The window is an overlapped window. An overlapped window has a title bar and a border. Same as the WS_TILED style.
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | (WS_OVERLAPPED OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_SYSMENU OR WS_THICKFRAME OR WS_MINIMIZEBOX OR WS_MAXIMIZEBOX). The window is an overlapped window. Same as the WS_TILEDWINDOW style.
WS_POPUP | The windows is a pop-up window. This style cannot be used with the WS_CHILD style.
WS_POPUPWINDOW | (WS_POPUP OR WS_BORDER OR WS_SYSMENU). The window is a pop-up window. The WS_CAPTION and WS_POPUPWINDOW styles must be combined to make the window menu visible.
WS_SIZEBOX | The window has a sizing border. Same as the WS_THICKFRAME style.
WS_SYSMENU | The window has a window menu on its title bar. The WS_CAPTION style must also be specified.
WS_TABSTOP | The window is a control that can receive the keyboard focus when the user presses the TAB key. Pressing the TAB key changes the keyboard focus to the next control with the WS_TABSTOP style. You can turn this style on and off to change dialog box navigation. To change this style after a window has been created, use the SetWindowLongPtrW function. For user-created windows and modeless dialogs to work with tab stops, alter the message loop to call the IsDialogMessage function.
WS_THICKFRAME | The window has a sizing border. Same as the WS_SIZEBOX style.
WS_TILED | The window is an overlapped window. An overlapped window has a title bar and a border. Same as the WS_OVERLAPPED style.
WS_TILEDWINDOW | (WS_OVERLAPPED OR WS_CAPTION OR WS_SYSMENU OR WS_THICKFRAME OR WS_MINIMIZEBOX OR WS_MAXIMIZEBOX). The window is an overlapped window. Same as the WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW style.
WS_VISIBLE | The window is initially visible. This style can be turned on and off by using the ShowWindow or SetWindowPos function.
WS_VSCROLL | The window has a vertical scroll bar.

#### Extended Window Styles

Constant | Description
--- | ---
WS_EX_ACCEPTFILES | The window accepts drag-drop files.
WS_EX_APPWINDOW | Forces a top-level window onto the taskbar when the window is visible.
WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE | The window has a border with a sunken edge.
WS_EX_COMPOSITED | Paints all descendants of a window in bottom-to-top painting order using double-buffering. This cannot be used if the window has a class style of either CS_OWNDC or CS_CLASSDC.
WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP | The title bar of the window includes a question mark. When the user clicks the question mark, the cursor changes to a question mark with a pointer. If the user then clicks a child window, the child receives a WM_HELP message. The child window should pass the message to the parent window procedure, which should call the WinHelp function using the HELP_WM_HELP command. The Help application displays a pop-up window that typically contains help for the child window. WS_EX_CONTEXTHELP cannot be used with the WS_MAXIMIZEBOX or WS_MINIMIZEBOX styles.
WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT | The window itself contains child windows that should take part in dialog box navigation. If this style is specified, the dialog manager recurses into children of this window when performing navigation operations such as handling the TAB key, an arrow key, or a keyboard mnemonic.
WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME | The window has a double border; the window can, optionally, be created with a title bar by specifying the WS_CAPTION style in the dwStyle parameter.
WS_EX_LAYERED | The window is a layered window. Note that this cannot be used for child windows. Also, this cannot be used if the window has a class style of either CS_OWNDC or CS_CLASSDC.
WS_EX_LAYOUTRTL | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading order alignment, the horizontal origin of the window is on the right edge. Increasing horizontal values advance to the left.
WS_EX_LEFT | The window has generic left-aligned properties. This is the default.
WS_EX_LEFTSCROLLBAR | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading order alignment, the vertical scroll bar (if present) is to the left of the client area. For other languages, the style is ignored.
WS_EX_LTRREADING | The window text is displayed using left-to-right reading-order properties. This is the default.
WS_EX_MDICHILD | The window is a MDI child window.
WS_EX_NOACTIVATE | A top-level window created with this style does not become the foreground window when the user clicks it. The system does not bring this window to the foreground when the user minimizes or closes the foreground window. To activate the window, use the SetActiveWindow or SetForegroundWindow function. The window does not appear on the taskbar by default. To force the window to appear on the taskbar, use the WS_EX_APPWINDOW style.
WS_EX_NOINHERITLAYOUT | The window does not pass its window layout to its child windows.
WS_EX_NOPARENTNOTIFY | The child window created with this style does not send the WM_PARENTNOTIFY message to its parent window when it is created or destroyed.
WS_EX_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | (WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE OR WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE). The window is an overlapped window.
WS_EX_PALETTEWINDOW | (WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE OR WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW OR WS_EX_TOPMOST). The window is palette window, which is a modeless dialog box that presents an array of commands.
WS_EX_RIGHT | The window has generic "right-aligned" properties. This depends on the window class. This style has an effect only if the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading-order alignment; otherwise, the style is ignored. Using the WS_EX_RIGHT style for static or edit controls has the same effect as using the SS_RIGHT or ES_RIGHT style, respectively. Using this style with button controls has the same effect as using BS_RIGHT and BS_RIGHTBUTTON styles.
WS_EX_RIGHTSCROLLBAR | The vertical scroll bar (if present) is to the right of the client area. This is the default.
WS_EX_RTLREADING | If the shell language is Hebrew, Arabic, or another language that supports reading-order alignment, the window text is displayed using right-to-left reading-order properties. For other languages, the style is ignored.
WS_EX_STATICEDGE | The window has a three-dimensional border style intended to be used for items that do not accept user input.
WS_EX_TOOLWINDOW | The window is intended to be used as a floating toolbar. A tool window has a title bar that is shorter than a normal title bar, and the window title is drawn using a smaller font. A tool window does not appear in the taskbar or in the dialog that appears when the user presses ALT+TAB. If a tool window has a system menu, its icon is not displayed on the title bar. However, you can display the system menu by right-clicking or by typing ALT+SPACE.
WS_EX_TOPMOST | The window should be placed above all non-topmost windows and should stay above them, even when the window is deactivated. To add or remove this style, use the SetWindowPos function.
WS_EX_TRANSPARENT | The window should not be painted until siblings beneath the window (that were created by the same thread) have been painted. The window appears transparent because the bits of underlying sibling windows have already been painted. To achieve transparency without these restrictions, use the SetWindowRgn function.
WS_EX_WINDOWEDGE | The window has a border with a raised edge.

#### Usage example

    '// Create a MDI client child window
    DIM hwindowMenu AS HMENU
    hwindowMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu, 2)
    pWindow.CreateMDIWindow(101, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwindowMenu, @MDIWindowProc)

# DefaultFontSize

Gets/sets the point size of the default font.

    PROPERTY DefaultFontSize () AS LONG
    PROPERTY DefaultFontSize (BYVAL nPointSize AS LONG)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
nPointSize | The point size of the font

#### Return value

The point size of the font.

#### Usage examples

    DIM nSize AS LONG = pWindow.DefaultFontSize

    pWindow.DefaultFontSize = 12

# DoEvents

Processes windows messages.

    FUNCTION DoEvents (BYVAL nCmdShow AS LONG = 0) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
nCmdShow | Optional. Specifies how the window is to be shown. If DoEvents is called in the main window, the value should be the value obtained by the WinMain function in its nCmdShow parameter.

#### Return value

The application exit code. This is the value sent when calling the PostQuitMessage API function.

#### Remarks

This is the default message pump and should be enough for most applications, but you can replace it with your own.

By default, it uses IsDialogMessage in the message pump.

To process arrow keys, characters, enter, insert, backspace or delete keys, you can #define USEDLGMSG 0, or you can leave it as is and process the WM_GETDLGCODE message:

    CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
       FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTALLKEYS

If you are only interested in arrow keys and characters...

    CASE WM_GETDLGCODE
       FUNCTION = DLGC_WANTARROWS OR DLGC_WANTCHARS

#### Usage example

    FUNCTION = pWindow.DoEvents(nCmdShow)

# DPI

Gets/sets the DPI (dots per inch) to be used by the application. The main window, controls and fonts will be scaled according this value. Don't change the DPI value once the main window has been created.

By default, CWindow retrieves the DPI setting used by the computer and calculates the scaling ratios, but you can use this property to alter this behavior. For example, passing a DPI of 96 disables scaling; any other value, changes the scaling ratios.

    PROPERTY DPI () AS SINGLE
    PROPERTY DPI (BYVAL nDPI AS SINGLE)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
nDPI | The number of dots per inch. Pass -1 to use the value returned by the GetDeviceCaps API function.

#### Remarks

To make the application DPI aware with Windows Vista/Windows 7 it's needed a call to the API function SetProcessDPIAware or set it through the application manifest.

Note: SetProcessDPIAware is subject to a possible race condition if a DLL caches dpi settings during initialization. For this reason, it is recommended that dpi-aware be set through the application (.exe) manifest rather than by calling SetProcessDPIAware.

DLLs should accept the dpi setting of the host process rather than call SetProcessDPIAware themselves. To be set properly, dpiAware should be specified as part of the application (.exe) manifest. (dpiAware defined in an embedded DLL manifest has no affect.) The following markup shows how to set dpiAware as part of an application (.exe) manifest.

    <assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0" xmlns:asmv3="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3" >
     ...
      <asmv3:application>
        <asmv3:windowsSettings xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/SMI/2005/WindowsSettings">
          <dpiAware>true</dpiAware>
        </asmv3:windowsSettings>
      </asmv3:application>
     ...
    </assembly>

Note: CWindow.inc provides the wrapper function AfxSetProcessDPIAware, that dynamically loads "user32.dll" and retrieves the address of the API function SetProcessDPIAware. This allows to write applications that can run in any Windows version. If the function SetProcessDPIAware is not available in the operating system (Windows XP and below), the call won't have effect but the application won't fail. You can still use scaling in these Windows versions passing the wanted value using the DPI property.

#### Usage examples

    DIM dpi AS LONG = pWindow.DPI

    pWindow.DPI = 96

# Font

Gets/sets the font used as default.

    PROPERTY Font () AS HFONT
    PROPERTY Font (BYVAL hFont AS HFONT)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hFont | A handle to the font.

#### Usage examples

    DIM hFont AS HFONT = pWindow.Font

    pWindow.Font = hFont

# GetClientRect

Retrieves the unscaled coordinates of the main window client area. The client coordinates specify the upper-left and lower-right corners of the client area. Because client coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of a window's client area, the coordinates of the upper-left corner are (0,0).

    SUB GetClientRect (BYVAL lpRect AS LPRECT)
    FUNCTION GetClientRect () AS RECT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
lpRect | Pointer to a RECT structure that receives the client coordinates. The left and top members are zero. The right and bottom members contain the width and height of the window.

#### Remarks

In conformance with conventions for the RECT structure, the bottom-right coordinates of the returned rectangle are exclusive. In other words, the pixel at (right, bottom) lies immediately outside the rectangle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM rc AS RECT
    pWindow.GetClientRect(@rc)

    DIM rc AS RECT = pWindow.GetClientRect

# GetControlClientRect

Retrieves the unscaled coordinates of a window's client area. The client coordinates specify the upper-left and lower-right corners of the client area. Because client coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of a window's client area, the coordinates of the upper-left corner are (0,0).

    SUB GetControlClientRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL lpRect AS LPRECT)

    FUNCTION GetControlClientRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS RECT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.
lpRect | Pointer to a RECT structure that receives the client coordinates. The left and top members are zero. The right and bottom members contain the width and height of the window.

#### Remarks

In conformance with conventions for the RECT structure, the bottom-right coordinates of the returned rectangle are exclusive. In other words, the pixel at (right, bottom) lies immediately outside the rectangle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM rc AS RECT
    pWindow.GetControlClientRect(hCtl, @rc)

    DIM rc AS RECT = pWindow.GetControlClientRect(hCtl)

# GetControlWindowRect

Retrieves the unscaled dimensions of the bounding rectangle of the specified window. The dimensions are given in screen coordinates that are relative to the upper-left corner of the screen.

    SUB GetControlWindowRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL lpRect AS LPRECT)

    FUNCTION GetControlWindowRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS RECT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.
lpRect | Pointer to a RECT structure that receives the client coordinates. The left and top members are zero. The right and bottom members contain the width and height of the window.

#### Remarks

In conformance with conventions for the RECT structure, the bottom-right coordinates of the returned rectangle are exclusive. In other words, the pixel at (right, bottom) lies immediately outside the rectangle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM rc AS RECT
    pWindow.GetControlWindowRect(hCtl, @rc)

    DIM rc AS RECT = pWindow.GetControlWindowRect(hCtl)

# GetWindowRect

Retrieves the unscaled dimensions of the bounding rectangle of the main window. The dimensions are given in screen coordinates that are relative to the upper-left corner of the screen.

    SUB GetWindowRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL lpRect AS LPRECT)

    FUNCTION GetWindowRect (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS RECT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.
lpRect | Pointer to a RECT structure that receives the client coordinates. The left and top members are zero. The right and bottom members contain the width and height of the window.

#### Remarks

In conformance with conventions for the RECT structure, the bottom-right coordinates of the returned rectangle are exclusive. In other words, the pixel at (right, bottom) lies immediately outside the rectangle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM rc AS RECT
    pWindow.GetWindowRect(@rc)

    DIM rc AS RECT = pWindow.GetWindowRect

# GetWorkArea

Retrieves the unscaled size of the work area on the primary display monitor. The work area is the portion of the screen not obscured by the system taskbar or by application desktop toolbars.

    SUB GetWorkArea (BYVAL lpRect AS LPRECT)

    FUNCTION GetWorkArea () AS RECT

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window or control.
lpRect | Pointer to a RECT structure that receives the client coordinates. The left and top members are zero. The right and bottom members contain the width and height of the window.

#### Remarks

In conformance with conventions for the RECT structure, the bottom-right coordinates of the returned rectangle are exclusive. In other words, the pixel at (right, bottom) lies immediately outside the rectangle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM rc AS RECT
    pWindow.GetWorkArea(@rc)

    DIM rc AS RECT = pWindow.GetWorkArea

# Height

Returns the unscaled height of the main window.

    PROPERTY Height () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nHeight AS LONG = pWindow.Height

# Width

Returns the unscaled width of the main window.

    PROPERTY Width () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nWidth AS LONG = pWindow.Width

# ScreenX

Returns the unscaled x-coordinate of the window relative to the screen.

    PROPERTY ScreenX () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nLeft AS LONG = pWindow.ScreenX

# ScreenY

Returns the unscaled y-coordinate of the window relative to the screen.

    PROPERTY ScreenY () AS LONG

#### Usage example

    DIM nTop AS LONG = pWindow.ScreenY

# hWindow

Gets/sets the main window handle.

    PROPERTY hWindow () AS HWND
    PROPERTY hWindow (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window.

#### Return value

The window handle.

#### Usage examples

    DIM hwnd AS HWND = pWindow.hWindow

    pWindow.hWindow = hwnd

# hwndClient

Gets the MDI client window handle.

    PROPERTY hwndClient () AS HWND

#### Usage example

    DIM hwnd AS HWND = pWindow.hwndClient

# InstanceHandle

Gets/sets the instance handle.

    PROPERTY InstanceHandle () AS HINSTANCE
    PROPERTY InstanceHandle (BYVAL hInst AS HINSTANCE)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hInst | The instance handle.

#### Return value

The instance handle.

#### Usage example

    DIM hInstance = pWindow.InstanceHandle

    pWindow.InstanceHandle = pInstance

# MDICLassName

Sets the class name of the MDI frame window.

    PROPERTY MDICLassName (BYREF wszMDIClassName AS WSTRING)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
wszMDIClassName | The name of the class of the MDI frame window. This property is optional: if you don't set it, CWindow assigns a default one, "FBFrameClass". However, you need to set it if you use CWindow to create a GUI outside the main application, for example in a DLL.

#### Usage example

    pWindow.MDIClassName = "MyClassName"

# MoveWindow

Changes the position and dimensions of the specified window. For a top-level window, the position and dimensions are relative to the upper-left corner of the screen. For a child window, they are relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area. This method scales the window by multiplying the size and coordinates according the DPI setting; therefore, you must pass unscaled values to it.

    FUNCTION MoveWindow (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL x AS LONG, BYVAL y AS LONG, _
       BYVAL nWidth AS LONG, BYVAL nHeight AS LONG, BYVAL bRepaint AS WINBOOL) AS WINBOOL

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window.
x | The new position of the left side of the window.
y | The new position of the top of the window.
nWidth | The new width of the window.
nHeight | The new height of the window.
bRepaint | Indicates whether the window is to be repainted. If this parameter is CTRUE, the window receives a message. If the parameter is FALSE, no repainting of any kind occurs. This applies to the client area, the nonclient area (including the title bar and scroll bars), and any part of the parent window uncovered as a result of moving a child window.

#### Return value

If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.

If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

#### Remarks

If the bRepaint parameter is CTRUE, the system sends the WM_PAINT message to the window procedure immediately after moving the window (that is, the MoveWindow method calls the UpdateWindow function). If bRepaint is FALSE, the application must explicitly invalidate or redraw any parts of the window and parent window that need redrawing.

MoveWindow sends the WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGING, WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED, WM_MOVE, WM_SIZE, and WM_NCCALCSIZE messages to the window.

#### Usage example

    pWindow.MoveWindow GetDlgItem(hwnd, IDCANCEL), pWindow.ClientWidth, _
       pWindow-ClientHeight, 75, 23, CTRUE

# Resize

Resizes the window sending a WM_SIZE message with the SIZE_RESTORED value.

    SUB Resize

#### Usage example

    pWindow.Resize

# rxRatio

Returns the horizontal scaling ratio.

    PROPERTY rxRatio () AS SINGLE

#### Usage example

    DIM rx AS LONG = pWindow.rxRatio

# ryRatio

Returns the vertical scaling ratio.

    PROPERTY ryRatio () AS SINGLE

#### Usage example

    DIM ry AS LONG = pWindow.ryRatio

# ScaleX

Scales an horizontal coordinate according the DPI setting.

    PROPERTY ScaleX (BYVAL cx AS SINGLE) AS SINGLE

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cx | The value of the horizontal coordinate, in pixels.

#### Usage example

    DIM cx AS LONG = pWindow.ScaleX

#### Remarks

A SINGLE datatype is used instead of a long to avoid rounding errors in the calculation.

# ScaleY

Scales an vertical coordinate according the DPI setting.

    PROPERTY ScaleY (BYVAL cy AS SINGLE) AS SINGLE

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cy | The value of the vertical coordinate, in pixels.

#### Usage example

    DIM cy AS LONG = pWindow.ScaleY

#### Remarks

A SINGLE datatype is used instead of a long to avoid rounding errors in the calculation.

# ScrollWindowPtr

Gets/sets a pointer to the scroll window class.

    PROPERTY ScrollWindowPtr () AS CScrollWindow PTR
    PROPERTY ScrollWindowPtr (BYVAL pScrollWindow AS CScrollWindow PTR)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
pScrollWindow | A pointer to the CScrollWindow class or NULL.

#### Usage example

    DIM pScrollWindow AS CScrollWindowPtr = pWindow.ScrollWondowPtr

    pWindow.ScrollWondowPtr = pScrollWindow

# SetClientSize

Adjusts the bounding rectangle of the window based on the desired size of the client area. The sizes are scaled according the DPI seeting.

    SUB SetClientSize (BYVAL nWidth AS LONG, BYVAL nHeight AS LONG)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
nWidth | The new width of the client area of the window.
nHeight | The new height of the client area of the window.

#### Usage example

    pWindow.SetClientSize(400, 250)

# SetFont

Creates a DPI aware logical font and sets it as the default font.

    FUNCTION SetFont (BYREF wszFaceName AS WSTRING, BYVAL lPointSize AS LONG, _
       BYVAL lWeight AS LONG = FW_NORMAL, BYVAL bItalic AS UBYTE = FALSE, _
       BYVAL bUnderline AS UBYTE = FALSE, BYVAL bStrikeOut AS UBYTE = FALSE, _
       BYVAL bCharSet AS UBYTE = DEFAULT_CHARSET) AS LONG

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
wszFaceName | A string that specifies the typeface name of the font. The length of this string must not exceed 31 characters. The EnumFontFamilies function can be used to enumerate the typeface names of all currently available fonts. If wszFaceName is an empty string, GDI uses the first font that matches the other specified attributes.
lPointSize | Specifies the height, in logical units, of the font's character cell or character.
lWeight | Specifies the weight of the font in the range 0 through 1000. If this value is zero, a default weight is used.
bItalic | Specifies an italic font if set to CTRUE.
bUnderline | Specifies an underlined font if set to CTRUE.
bStrikeOut | Specifies a strikeout font if set to CTRUE.
bCharSet | Specifies the character set. The following values are predefined: ANSI_CHARSET, BALTIC_CHARSET, CHINESEBIG5_CHARSET, DEFAULT_CHARSET, EASTEUROPE_CHARSET, GB2312_CHARSET, GREEK_CHARSET, HANGUL_CHARSET, MAC_CHARSET, OEM_CHARSET, RUSSIAN_CHARSET, SHIFTJIS_CHARSET, SYMBOL_CHARSET, TURKISH_CHARSET. Korean Windows: JOHAB_CHARSET. Middle-Eastern Windows: HEBREW_CHARSET, ARABIC_CHARSET. Thai Windows: THAI_CHARSET. The OEM_CHARSET value specifies a character set that is operating-system dependent. DEFAULT_CHARSET is set to a value based on the current system locale. For example, when the system locale is English (United States), it is set as ANSI_CHARSET. Fonts with other character sets may exist in the operating system. If an application uses a font with an unknown character set, it should not attempt to translate or interpret strings that are rendered with that font. This parameter is important in the font mapping process. To ensure consistent results, specify a specific character set. If you specify a typeface name in the wszFaceName parameter, make sure that the bCharSet value matches the character set of the typeface specified in wszFaceName.

#### Return value

CTRUE or FALSE.

#### Usage examples

    pWindow.SetFont("MS Sans Serif", 8, FW_NORMAL, , , , DEFAULT_CHARSET)
    pWindow.SetFont("Courier New", 10, FW_BOLD, , , , DEFAULT_CHARSET)
    pWindow.SetFont("Marlett", 8, FW_NORMAL, , , , SYMBOL_CHARSET)

# SetWindowPos

Changes the size, position, and Z order of a child, pop-up, or top-level window. These windows are ordered according to their appearance on the screen. The topmost window receives the highest rank and is the first window in the Z order. The sizes and coordinates are scaled according the DPI setting.

    FUNCTION SetWindowPos (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND, BYVAL hwndInsertAfter AS HWND, _
       BYVAL x AS LONG, BYVAL y AS LONG, BYVAL cx AS LONG, BYVAL cy AS LONG, _
       BYVAL uFlags AS UINT) AS WINBOOL

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window.
hwndInsertAfter | A handle to the window to precede the positioned window in the Z order. This parameter must be a window handle or one of the following values. HWND_BOTTOM: Places the window at the bottom of the Z order. If the hWnd parameter identifies a topmost window, the window loses its topmost status and is placed at the bottom of all other windows. HWND_NOTOPMOST: Places the window above all non-topmost windows (that is, behind all topmost windows). This flag has no effect if the window is already a non-topmost window. HWND_TOP: Places the window at the top of the Z order. HWND_TOPMOST: Places the window above all non-topmost windows. The window maintains its topmost position even when it is deactivated. For more information about how this parameter is used, see the Remarks section.
x | The new position of the left side of the window, in client coordinates.
y | The new position of the top of the window, in client coordinates.
cx | The new width of the window, in pixels.
cy | The new height of the window, in pixels.
uFlags | The window sizing and positioning flags. This parameter can be a combination of the following values.

Value | Meaning
--- | ---
SWP_ASYNCWINDOWPOS | If the calling thread and the thread that owns the window are attached to different input queues, the system posts the request to the thread that owns the window. This prevents the calling thread from blocking its execution while other threads process the request.
SWP_DEFERERASE | Prevents generation of the WM_SYNCPAINT message.
SWP_DRAWFRAME | Draws a frame (defined in the window's class description) around the window.
SWP_FRAMECHANGED | Applies new frame styles set using the SetWindowLongPtrW function. Sends a WM_NCCALCSIZE message to the window, even if the window's size is not being changed. If this flag is not specified, WM_NCCALCSIZE is sent only when the window's size is being changed.
SWP_HIDEWINDOW | Hides the window.
SWP_NOACTIVATE | Does not activate the window. If this flag is not set, the window is activated and moved to the top of either the topmost or non-topmost group (depending on the setting of the hWndInsertAfter parameter).
SWP_NOCOPYBITS | Discards the entire contents of the client area. If this flag is not specified, the valid contents of the client area are saved and copied back into the client area after the window is sized or repositioned.
SWP_NOMOVE | Retains the current position (ignores X and Y parameters).
SWP_NOOWNERZORDER | Does not change the owner window's position in the Z order.
SWP_NOREDRAW | Does not redraw changes. If this flag is set, no repainting of any kind occurs. This applies to the client area, the nonclient area (including the title bar and scroll bars), and any part of the parent window uncovered as a result of the window being moved. When this flag is set, the application must explicitly invalidate or redraw any parts of the window and parent window that need redrawing.
SWP_NOREPOSITION | Same as the SWP_NOOWNERZORDER flag.
SWP_NOSENDCHANGING | Prevents the window from receiving the WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGING message.
SWP_NOSIZE | Retains the current size (ignores the cx and cy parameters).
SWP_NOZORDER | Retains the current Z order (ignores the hWndInsertAfter parameter).
SWP_SHOWWINDOW | Displays the window.

#### Return value

If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.

If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.

#### Remarks

As part of the Vista re-architecture, all services were moved off the interactive desktop into Session 0. hwnd and window manager operations are only effective inside a session and cross-session attempts to manipulate the hwnd will fail.

If you have changed certain window data using SetWindowLongPtrW, you must call SetWindowPos for the changes to take effect. Use the following combination for uFlags: SWP_NOMOVE OR SWP_NOSIZE OR SWP_NOZORDER OR SWP_FRAMECHANGED.

A window can be made a topmost window either by setting the hwndInsertAfter parameter to HWND_TOPMOST and ensuring that the SWP_NOZORDER flag is not set, or by setting a window's position in the Z order so that it is above any existing topmost windows. When a non-topmost window is made topmost, its owned windows are also made topmost. Its owners, however, are not changed.

If neither the SWP_NOACTIVATE nor SWP_NOZORDER flag is specified (that is, when the application requests that a window be simultaneously activated and its position in the Z order changed), the value specified in hwndInsertAfter is used only in the following circumstances.

- Neither the HWND_TOPMOST nor HWND_NOTOPMOST flag is specified in hwndInsertAfter.
- The window identified by hwnd is not the active window.

An application cannot activate an inactive window without also bringing it to the top of the Z order. Applications can change an activated window's position in the Z order without restrictions, or it can activate a window and then move it to the top of the topmost or non-topmost windows.

If a topmost window is repositioned to the bottom (HWND_BOTTOM) of the Z order or after any non-topmost window, it is no longer topmost. When a topmost window is made non-topmost, its owners and its owned windows are also made non-topmost windows.

A non-topmost window can own a topmost window, but the reverse cannot occur. Any window (for example, a dialog box) owned by a topmost window is itself made a topmost window, to ensure that all owned windows stay above their owner.

If an application is not in the foreground, and should be in the foreground, it must call the SetForegroundWindow function.

To use SetWindowPos to bring a window to the top, the process that owns the window must have SetForegroundWindow permission.

#### Usage example

    SetWindowPos(hwnd, NULL, 0, 0, cx, cy, _
       SWP_NOZORDER OR SWP_NOMOVE OR SWP_NOACTIVATE)

# UnScaleX

Unscales an horizontal coordinate according the DPI setting.

    PROPERTY UnScaleX (BYVAL cx AS SINGLE) AS SINGLE

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cx | The value of the horizontal coordinate, in pixels.

#### Remarks

A SINGLE datatype is used instead of a long to avoid rounding errors in the calculation.

#### Usage example

DIM cx AS SINGLE = pWindow.UnScaleX(250)

# UnScaleY

Unscales a vertical coordinate according the DPI setting.

    PROPERTY UnScaleY (BYVAL cy AS SINGLE) AS SINGLE

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
cy | The value of the vertical coordinate, in pixels.

#### Remarks

A SINGLE datatype is used instead of a long to avoid rounding errors in the calculation.

#### Usage example

DIM cy AS SINGLE = pWindow.UnScaleY(250)

# UserData

Gets/sets a value in the user data area of the window.

    PROPERTY UserData (BYVAL idx AS LONG) AS LONG_PTR
    PROPERTY UserData (BYVAL idx AS LONG, BYVAL newValue AS LONG_PTR)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
idx | The index number of the user data value to retrieve, in the range 0 to 99 inclusive.
newValue | The value to set.

#### Usage examples

    pWindow.UserData(1) = value

    DIM value AS LONG_PTR = pWindow.UserData(1)

# WindowExStyle

Gets/sets the window extended styles.

    PROPERTY WindowExStyle () AS ULONG_PTR
    PROPERTY WindowExStyle (BYVAL dwExStyle AS ULONG_PTR)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
dwExStyle | The extended style(s) to set.

#### Return value

The extended style(s) used by the window.

#### Usage examples

    DIM dwExStyle AS ULONG_PTR = pWindow.WindowExStyle

    pWindow.WindowExStyle = WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE

# WindowStyle

Gets/sets the window styles.

    PROPERTY WindowStyle () AS ULONG_PTR
    PROPERTY WindowStyle (BYVAL dwStyle AS ULONG_PTR)

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
dwStyle | The style(s) to set.

#### Return value

The style(s) used by the window.

#### Usage examples

    DIM dwStyle AS ULONG_PTR = pWindow.WindowStyle

    pWindow.WindowStyle = WS_POPUPWINDOW OR WS_CAPTION   ' // Creates a popup window

# AfxCWindowPtr

Returns a pointer to the CWindow class given the handle of the main window or the CREATESTRUCT structure associated with it. To retrieve it from the handle of any of its child windows or controls, use AfxCWindowOwnerPtr.

    FUNCTION AfxCWindowPtr (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS CWindow PTR
    FUNCTION AfxCWindowPtr (BYVAL lParam AS LPARAM) AS CWindow PTR
    FUNCTION AfxCWindowPtr (BYVAL pCreateStruct AS CREATESTRUCT PTR) AS CWindow PTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle of the main window created with the Create method of the CWindow class.
lParam | Value passed by Windows to the WM_CREATE message.
pCreateStruct | Pointer to the CREATESTRUCT structure used by Windows during the window creation and passed to the window procedure as the lParam parameter of the WM_CREATE message.

#### Return value

A pointer to the CWindow class or NULL.

#### Usage examples

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(hwnd)

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowPtr(lParam)

# AfxCWindowOwnerPtr

Returns a pointer to the CWindow class given the handle of the window created with it or the handle of any of it's children windows or controls.

    FUNCTION AfxCWindowOwnerPtr (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS CWindow PTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle of the window created with it or the handle of any of it's children windows or controls.

#### Return value

A pointer to the CWindow class or NULL.

#### Usage example

    DIM pWindow AS CWindow PTR = AfxCWindowOwnerPtr(hwnd)

# AfxScrollWindowPtr

Returns a pointer to the CScrollWindow class given the handle of the window attached to it.

    FUNCTION AfxScrollWindowPtr (BYVAL hwnd AS HWND) AS CScrollWindow PTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwnd | Handle to the window attached to the CScrollWindow class.

#### Return value

A pointer to the CScrollWindow class or NULL.

#### Usage example

    DIM pWindow AS CScrollWindow PTR = AfxScrollWindowPtr(hwnd)

# AfxInputBox

Input box dialog.

    FUNCTION AfxInputBox (BYVAL hParent AS HWND = NULL, BYVAL x AS LONG = 0, _
       BYVAL y AS LONG = 0, BYREF cwsCaption AS CWSTR = "", BYREF cwsPrompt AS CWSTR = "", _
       BYREF cwsText AS CWSTR = "", BYVAL nLen AS LONG = 260, _
       BYVAL bPassword AS BOOLEAN = FALSE) AS CWSTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hParent | Optional. The handle of the parent main window.
x, y | Optional. The location of the dialog. If both are 0, the dialog is centered.
cwsCaption | Optional. The caption of the dialog.
cwsPrompt | Optional. The prompt displayed in the dialog.
cwsText | Optional. The text to edit.
nLen | Optional. Maximum length of the string to edit. The default length is 260 characters. The maximum length is 2048 characters.
bPassword | Optional. TRUE or FALSE. Displays all characters as an asterisk (*) as they are typed into the edit control.

#### Return value

The edited string.

#### Usage example

    DIM cws AS CWSTR = AfxInputBox(hwnd, 0, 0, "InputBox test", "What's your name?", "My name is José")

# AnchorControl

Anchors a window or control to its parent window.

    FUNCTION AnchorControl (BYVAL hwndCtl AS HWND, BYVAL nAnchorMode AS LONG) AS BOOLEAN

    FUNCTION AnchorControl (BYVAL cID AS LONG, BYVAL nAnchorMode AS LONG) AS BOOLEAN

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hwndCtl | Handle to the child window or control.
cID | Identifier of the child window or control.
nAnchorMode | One of the following constants.

#### Constants

    ENUM AFX_ANCHORPOINT
       AFX_ANCHOR_NONE =  0
       AFX_ANCHOR_WIDTH
       AFX_ANCHOR_RIGHT
       AFX_ANCHOR_CENTER_HORZ
       AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT
       AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_WIDTH
       AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_RIGHT
       AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM
       AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_WIDTH
       AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT
       AFX_ANCHOR_CENTER_HORZ_BOTTOM
       AFX_ANCHOR_CENTER_VERT
       AFX_ANCHOR_CENTER_VERT_RIGHT
       AFX_ANCHOR_CENTER
    END ENUM

#### Example

    DIM pLayout AS CLayout = pWindow.hWindow
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDCANCEL, AFX_ANCHOR_BOTTOM_RIGHT)
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_GROUPBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_HEIGHT_RIGHT)
    pLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_COMBOBOX, AFX_ANCHOR_RIGHT)

We can also anchor a child CWindow

    DIM pChildDlg AS CWindow
    pChildDlg.Create(pWindow.hWindow, "", @ChildDlg_WndProc, 15, 15, , , _
       WS_VISIBLE OR WS_CHILD OR WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN OR WS_BORDER, WS_EX_CONTROLPARENT)
    pChildDlg.ClassStyle = CS_DBLCLKS
    ' // Set a client size big enough to display all the controls
    pChildDlg.SetClientSize(310, 180)
    DIM pChildLayout AS CLayout = pChildDlg.hWindow
    pChildLayout.AnchorControl(IDC_EDIT1, AFX_ANCHOR_WIDTH)
    ' etc.

# AdjustControls

Adjusts the size and location of the child controls to the dimensions of its parent window.

    SUB AdjustControls

#### Example

See Layout manager in the Tutorial.

# hTabPage

Returns the window handle of the tab page.

    PROPERTY hTabPage () AS HWND

#### Usage example

    DIM hTabPage AS HWND = pTabPage.hTabPage

# InsertPage

Adds a tab page and creates a generic window that will be associated with the page.

    FUNCTION InsertPage (BYVAL hTab AS HWND, BYVAL nPage AS LONG, BYREF wszTitle AS WSTRING = "", _
       BYVAL nImage AS LONG = -1, BYVAL lpfnWndProc AS WNDPROC = NULL, _
       BYVAL dwStyle AS DWORD = WS_CLIPSIBLINGS OR WS_CLIPCHILDREN, BYVAL dwExStyle AS DWORD = 0) AS HWND

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.
nPage | The zero based position of the page to be inserted.
wszTitle | Optional. The text to be displayed of the tab area.
nImage | Optional. Index in the tab control's image list, or -1 if there is no image for the tab.
lpfnWndProc | Address of the window callback procedure.

#### Return value

The handle of the new tab page.

#### Usage example

    ' // Create a tab page
    DIM pTabPage AS CTabPage PTR = NEW CTabPage
    pTabPage->InsertPage(hTab, 0, "Tab 1", -1, @TabPage_WndProc)
    ' // Add controls to it
    pTabPage->AddControl("Label", pTabPage->hTabPage, -1, "First name", 15, 15, 121, 21)
    pTabPage->AddControl("Label", pTabPage->hTabPage, -1, "Last name", 15, 50, 121, 21)
    pTabPage->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT1, "", 165, 15, 186, 21)
    pTabPage->AddControl("Edit", pTabPage->hTabPage, IDC_EDIT2, "", 165, 50, 186, 21)
    pTabPage->AddControl("Button", pTabPage->hTabPage, IDC_BTNSUBMIT, "Submit", 340, 185, 76, 26, BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON)

# AfxCTabPagePtr

Returns a pointer to the CTabPage class given the handle of the tab control to which the tab page is associated and the zero-based tab index.

    FUNCTION AfxCTabPagePtr (BYVAL hTab AS HWND, BYVAL idx AS LONG = -1) AS CTabPage PTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.
hTab | Optional. Zero-based index of the tab. If this parameter is ommited, the function will return the pointer of the currently selected tab, if any.

#### Usage example

    DIM pTabPage AS CTabPage PTR = AfxCTabPagePtr(hTab, 1)

# AfxDestroyTabPage

Detroys the specified tab page.

    FUNCTION AfxDestroyTabPage (BYVAL hTab AS HWND, BYVAL idx AS LONG) AS BOOLEAN

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.
hTab | Zero-based index of the tab. If this parameter is ommited, the function will return the pointer of the currently selected tab, if any.

#### Return value

TRUE or FALSE.

#### Usage example

    AfxDestroyTabPage(hTab, 1)

# AfxDestroyAllTabPages

Detroys all the tab pages.

    FUNCTION AfxDestroyAllTabPages (BYVAL hTab AS HWND) AS BOOLEAN

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.

#### Return value

TRUE or FALSE.

#### Usage example

    AfxDestroyAllTabPages(hTab)

# AfxResizeTabPages

Resizes all the tab pages associated with a tab control.

    FUNCTION AfxResizeTabPages (BYVAL hTab AS HWND) AS BOOLEAN

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.

#### Return value

TRUE or FALSE.

#### Usage example

    AfxResizeTabPages(hTab)

# AfxScrollTabPagePtr

Returns a pointer to the CScrollWindow class given the handle of the tab control to which the tab page is associated and the zero-based tab index.

    FUNCTION AfxScrollTabPagePtr (BYVAL hTab AS HWND, BYVAL idx AS LONG) AS CScrollWindow PTR

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
hTab | Handle to the Tab control.
idx | Zero-based index of the tab page. If idx is -1, the function will return the pointer associated to the selected tab, if any.

#### Return value

A pointer to the CScrollWindow class or NULL.

#### Usage example

    DIM pScrollWindow AS CScrollWindow PTR = AfxScrollTabPagePtr(hTab, 1)